Respiratory syndromes I

Question 1

Which side of the heart’s cardiac output affect perfusion?

Answer 1

Right side of the heart

Question 2

Emphysema

Answer 2

Abnormal permanent enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles and destruction of alveolar septal walls.

Question 3

Why is emphysema a problem?

Answer 3

Because smaller alveoli have more contact surface with capillaries per volume than larger alveoli

Question 4

Why emphysema happens?

Answer 4

There is obstruction in the airways, expiration does not get air out and there is too much air inside the alveoli and they rupture.

Question 5

Emphysema types

Answer 5

Alveolar

Interstitial (air in the connective tissue)

Question 6

Emphysema causes

Answer 6

Trauma
Parasites
Tumor/mass
Chronic obstructive lung disease
Congenital bronchial hypoplasia

Question 7

Emphysema physiopathology

Answer 7

Decreased alveolar surface -> diffusion rf
Decreased pulmonary compliance -> restrictive rf
Pulmonary hypertension -> right-sided cardiac failure

Question 8

Emphysema clinical signs

Answer 8

Respiratory dyspnea
Dry cough
Tachycardia
Tympanic sound
Cyanosis in advanced cases

Question 9

Pleural effusion

Answer 9

Excess fluid accumulates inside the pleural cavity

Question 10

Pleural effusion aetiology

Answer 10

Increased hydrostatic pressure
Reduced plasma oncotic pressure
Increased vascular permeability
Lymphatic drainage obstruction
Bleeding

Question 11

Increased hydrostatic pressure and reduced plasma oncotic pressure cause

Answer 11

transudate (clear) pleural effusion

Question 12

Inflammation and alteration in protein metabolism cause

Answer 12

exsudate (opaque with clots) pleural effusion

Question 13

lymphatic drainage obstruction and lymphoma produce

Answer 13

chylothorax (lymph in pleura)

Question 14

Pleural effusion signs

Answer 14

mixed dyspnea
superficial and rapid breathing movement
overinflated chest
dull sound on percussion
reduced lung sounds on auscultation

Question 15

What type of rf does pleural effusion produce`?

Answer 15

restrictive rf

Question 16

Fibrosis

Answer 16

Replacement of lungs’ parenchyma by fibrous tissue/progressive scarring of the lungs.

Question 17

Aetiology of fibrosis

Answer 17

Inhalation of toxin (asbestos, saw dust, gas)
Drugs
Autoimmune(sle)
Idiopathic

Question 18

Physiopathology of fibrosis

Answer 18

Thickened alveolo-capillary barrier -> diffusion rf
Decreased pulmonary distensibility -> restrictive rf
Pulmonary hypertension -> right-sided cardiac failure

Question 19

Signs of fibrosis

Answer 19

Dry cough
crackle sounds
tachypnea
shallow respiratory movements

Question 20

How to tell apart fibrosis and emphysema by clinical signs?

Answer 20

Emphysema -> tympanic sound

Fibrosis -> crackles

Question 21

Mediastinal syndrome

Answer 21

Compression of mediastinal structures by any mass causing signs.

Question 22

Mediastinal syndrome aetiology

Answer 22

Mass:
tumour
hematoma
abscess

Question 23

Mass in the mediastinum can lead to

Answer 23

Cranial v cava compression
airway obstruction
sympathetic trunk, vagal or laryngeal nerve compression
oesophagus compression

Question 24

cranial v cava compression leads to

Answer 24

cr v cava syndrome

Question 25

airway obstruction leads to

Answer 25

obstructive rf

Question 26

oesophagus compression leads to

Answer 26

regurgitation

Question 27

nerve compressions lead to

Answer 27

neurological signs

Question 28

signs of cr v cava syndrome

Answer 28

edema in neck head and forelimbs

Question 29

SYMPATHETIC TRUNK COMPRESSION

Answer 29

HORNER´S SYNDROME – Ptosis (upper eyelid drop) – Miosis (pupil constriction) – Enophtalmos (3rd eyelid)

Question 30

Vagal nerve compression

Answer 30

cardiac activity disturbances

Question 31

Laryngeal nerve

Answer 31

laryngeal paralysis

Question 32

Pneumonic syndrome

Answer 32

lung parenchyma consolidates with fluid or solid

Question 33

pneumonic syndrome etiology

Answer 33

pneumonia, tumor, hemorrhage

Question 34

pneumonic syndrome physiopathology

Answer 34

increased acb thickness leads to diffussion rf decreased pulmonary distensibility leads to restrictive rf mismatch in ventilation/perfusion ratio (v/q) leads to increase in death space

Question 35

clinical signs of pneumonic syndrome

Answer 35

signs linked to pulmonary consolidation - cough - decreased thorax motility - dull percussion - decreased vesicular murmur signs linked to infection - fever - lethargy

Question 36

atelectasis

Answer 36

a decrease in pulmonary volume due to complete or partial lung collapse

Question 37

atelectasis types

Answer 37

``` contraction atelectasis (lack of surfactant) resorption (obstruction) atelectasis (airway obstruction) compressive atelectasis (tumors, pleural effussion compress lung tissue) ```

Question 38

atelectasis clinical signs

Answer 38

``` inspiratory dyspnea tachypnea reduced size and movement of the affected hemithorax percussion (dull sound) auscultation (no sound) ```

Question 39

pneumothorax

Answer 39

abnormal accumulation of air pleural cavity

Question 40

pneumothorax types

Answer 40

traumatic, spontaneous or iatrogenic

Question 41

traumatic pneumothorax aetiology

Answer 41

open: - bite - gunshot closed: -due to internal breakage of trachea, bronchi or lung parenchyma

Question 42

spontaneous pneumothorax aetiology

Answer 42

primary: -idipathic secondary: -due to previous pulmonary disease

Question 43

iatrogenic pneumothorax aetiology

Answer 43

surgical procedures or in felines trachea breakage due to et tube

Question 44

clinical signs of pneumothorax

Answer 44

- inspiratory dyspnea - tachypnea with superficial breathing - cyanosis - increased volume of affected hemothorax - decreased movement of affected hemothorax - tympanic percussion - increased auscultation sounds