1. Air purifying mechanisms -physical -mucociliary clearance 2. Immune mechanisms -cellular mechanisms alveolar BALT -humoral mechanism 3, Cough/sneeze -remove pathogens from the airways

Respiratory system Flashcards by Hilla Tuominen

Conduction portion

External nares - nasal cavities
• Paranasal sinuses
• Nasopharynx and oropharynx
• Trachea - bronchi
• Bronchioli

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GAS EXCHANGE PORTION

Alveoli

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Alveoli surround by

Capillary network

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Defence mechanisms

Air purifying mechanisms
-physical
-mucociliary clearance
Immune mechanisms
-cellular mechanisms
*alveolar
*BALT
-humoral mechanism
3, Cough/sneeze
-remove pathogens from the airways

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Physical air purifying mechanisms

Nasal hairs
- important in large animals
-trap big particles
Turbinates
-anythings coming inside the nasal cavity has to twist and turn

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Mucociliary clearance

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium)

cilia covered by two-layered film
lower layer fluid thin mucous layer
upper layer viscous mucus layer
the cilia move coordinatately tovards pharynx so things trapped in mucus will be brought there to be coughed or swallowed

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Mucociliary clearance /size of trapped particles

Nasopharynx:
- particles >5um
Tracheobronchial tree:
-particles 1-5 um

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Alveolar cellular immune mechanisms

Phagocytosis of particles (smaller than 1 um) reaching the alveoli via

alveolar macrophages (“dust cells”)
neutrophils from the circulating pool

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BALT cellular immune mechanisms

Lymphoid tissue in the submucosa of the bronchi. The area where antibodies to the inhaled antigens are produced.

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What happens with asbestos?

It is phagocytosed but cannot be lysed so phagocytes with asbestos get trapped to alveoli -> elasticity and space of lungs decrease -> disease.

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Humoral defence in RS

Is present in the fluid on the alveolar surface and is made by type II cells.

lactoferrin
lyzosome
interferon
surfactant

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Lactoferrin

Interferes with microbial iron metabolism

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Lysosome

General antimicrobial activity

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Interferon

Can enchance non-immune resistance

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Surfactant

Non-immune opsonization of gram+ bacteria

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Inhaled bacteria

Trapped by mucus -> swept toward the pharynx and swallowed

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Bacteria which penetrate the mucous layer

Antimicrobial peptides that are secreted by the surface epithelium
Those that are resistant to antimicrobial peptides are killed by
phagocytes.

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Last resort of bacterial defense

BALT

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Cough

Sudden reflex which helps to remove foreign particles, irritants, pathogens and alike from large breathing pathways. Either voluntary or involuntary.

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Cough phases

-an inhalation,
-a forced exhalation against a closed glottis
-a violent release of air from the lungs following opening
of the glottis, usually accompanied by a distinctive sound

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What happens in lungs prior to cough?

Irritation, inspration, compression and raised air pressure, expulsion of air when glottis opens

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Cough mechanism

1st: cough receptor is irrigated
2nd: cough centre in the brain stem receives input
3rd: signal is sent to respiratory and laryngeal muscles

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Cough receptor locations

Pharynx
Larynx
Tracheobroncial tree and pleura
Stomach
Ear duct
Nose
Pericardium
Diaphragm

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Causes of cough

• Irritation of receptor:
• Tracheobronchitis
• Pneumonias
• Lung tumours
• Foreign body
• Heart enlargement, etc
OR
• Psychogenic

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Cough effects

Exhaustion • Anorexia • Cough induced vomiting • Urinary incontinence Coughing Syncope • Increased in intrathoracic pressure • Increased intracranial pressure

Cough. Types

DRY or unproductive • does not produce any mucus • It should be stopped WET (MOIST) Productive • It must not be stopped

Breathing alterations

``` Type Rate Depth Intensity Lenght Rhythm ```

Rate alterations

Tachypnea, brachypnea

Tachypnea

Abnormally rapid breathing. Causes include respiratory centre stimulation(CNS trauma, inflammation, anemia) and thoracic pain.

brachypnea

Abnormally slow breathing. Causes include respiratory centre depression and airway obstruction.

Type alterations

``` Abdominal breathing (diaphragmatic): - most effort done by abdominal muscles ``` Costal breathing: -respiration done by intercostal muscles which move the ribs

Normal breathing types per species

Carnivores: costal Equines: costo-diaphragmatic breathing Cattle: abdominal

Abnormal costal breathing is caused by

Mechanical obstruction of the diaphragm (gastric dilation, pregnancy) Reflex inhibition of diaphragm (peritoneal disorders)

Abnormal diaphragmatic breathing is caused by

Pain Intercostal paralysis Rib fractures

Depth alterations

Amplitude of its breathing movement either - increased (deep breathing) - decreased (shallow breathing)

Abnormally deep breathing

The amount of air enters in the lungs per respiratory effort. Cause: partial obstruction.

Abnormally shallow breathing

Costal or pleural pain

Intensity alterations

Laboured breathing or weak breathing

Laboured breathing

Prolonged and deep

Weak breathing

Shallow and rapid

Lenght alterations

Rapid or prolonged

Hyperventilation

Tachycpnoic and deep (respiratory compensation)

Respiratory rhythm

Cycle of inspiration and expiration, normally inspiration is shorter than expiration.

Dog respiratory rhythm

1:1,6

Cow respiratory rhythm

1:1,2

Equine respiratory rhythm

1:1,8

Normal time between inspiration and expiration

0,2-1,5 s

Inspiration

Shorter, uniform, active

Expiration

Bi-phasic (1st abrupt), passive

Normal inspiration exhalation rate

5/6

Dyspnea

Any breathing difficulty | a clinical sign

Dyspnea is characterised by

Orthopnoeic position - standing - extended head and neck - forelegs wide open - opened nostrils - abdominal breathing (horses and dogs) Respiratory alteration - frequency - rhythm - type

Dyspnea aetiology

Respiratory - foreign body - infections - bronchitis Circulatory - heart failure - gastric dilation

Dyspnea aetiology

Respiratory - foreign body - infections - bronchitis Circulatory - heart failure - gastric dilation Blood related -anemia Neurological - pain - brain trauma

Dyspnea can be classified by

When it happens and respiratory phase

Dyspnea types by when it happens?

``` Exertional dyspnea (after exercise) Resting dyspnea ```

Dyspnea types by respiratory phase

Inspiratory, expiratory, mixed

Inspiratory dyspnea etiology

Obstacle cranial to the intrathoracic trachea (in the upper airways) - foreign body - tumor - laryngeal hemiplegia - soft palate elongation

Characteristics of inspiratory dyspnea

Prolonged and deep inspiration (laboured breathing) Increased respiratory sounds (wheezes, snores...) Nostril dilation

Expiratory dyspnea

Problems of getting air out. Causes: bronchial problem, intrathoracic trachea

Characteristics of expiratory dyspnea

Abdominal respiration Reinforced and prolonged respiration Heaves line in horses

Mixed dyspnea

Problems of getting air in AND out. Causes: any problems that reduces lung field such as - pneumonia - oedema - pleural disease

Respiratory system Flashcards

(62 cards)