Digestive System (Lecture) Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
Primary function of the digestive system:
A
break down food mechanically and by the use of enzymes so that it can be used by the body for energy and cell growth and repair
2
Q
Catabolism of organic molecules:
A
polymer to monomer
3
Q
Alimentary Canal:
A
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus
4
Q
Accessory organs:
A
tongue, teeth, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gall bladder
5
Q
Accessory organs have to be stimulated by:
A
nerve impulses or hormones
6
Q
Digestive system processes/functions:
A
ingestion, mechanical digestion and chemical digestion, propulsion/movement, absorption, elimination
7
Q
Term for the physical breakdown of food:
A
mechanical digestion (chewing, grinding, etc.)
8
Q
Term for the use of enzymes to break down food:
A
chemical digestion
9
Q
What process increases the surface area of food?
A
mechanical digestion
10
Q
During chemical digestion, what breaks down the food into monomers?
A
enzymes
11
Q
Three main types of digestive enzymes:
A
amylase, protease, lipase
12
Q
What enzyme breaks starch down into glucose?
A
amylase
13
Q
What enzyme breaks protein down into amino acids?
A
protease
14
Q
What enzyme breaks fats down into fatty acids and glycerol?
A
lipase
15
Q
Basic monomers of carbohydrates/polysaccharides:
A
glucose, fructose, galactose
16
Q
One of the most common lipids in our diet:
A
triglycerides
17
Q
Four layers of the Alimentary canal (begin with layer closest to the lumen):
A
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
18
Q
Layer of the alimentary canal that contains nerves and glands:
A
submucosa
19
Q
Layer of the alimentary canal that has at least two layers of smooth muscle:
A
muscularis
20
Q
Smooth muscle layers of the muscularis:
A
longitudinal muscle and circular muscle layer
21
Q
Where is the myenteric nerve plexus located that controls the contraction and movement process?
A
smooth muscle of the alimentary canal
22
Q
Movement/contractile process that is carried out to get food through the alimentary canal:
A
peristalsis
23
Q
Network of connective tissues and epithelial tissues of the alimentary canal:
A
serosa
24
Q
Specialized serous membrane that holds the organs in place:
A
peritoneum
25
Peritoneal membrane coming from the lower part of the stomach to the pelvic cavity:
greater omentum (contains a lot of fat for insulation)
26
Part of the peritoneum attached to the small intestine:
mesentery
27
Part of the peritoneum attached to the large intestine:
mesocolon
28
Saliva is secreted by what three major pairs of salivary glands?
parotid (by ear), sublingual (under tongue), submandibular (under the jaw)
29
Fluid formed by the three major salivary glands:
saliva
30
Functions of saliva:
lubrication, solvent, antibacterial property from lysozyme, digestion of complex carbs, neutralization of acid (contains bicarbonate)
31
Saliva contains:
enzymes
32
Two enzymes found in saliva:
amylase, lipase
33
What enzyme begins the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates?
amylase
34
____ are large polymers of carbohydrates.
starches
35
What enzyme works to break down lipids?
lipase
36
A triglyceride contains:
glycerol compound and three fatty acids
37
Primary lipid in the body:
triglyceride
38
Teeth and tongue are in charge of what kind of digestion?
mechanical digestion
39
deglutition means:
swallowing
40
Three steps of deglutition:
voluntary phase (occurs when food is in the mouth), pharyngeal phase (involuntary), esophageal phase
41
Deglutition center in the brain controls:
constriction muscles for the pharyngeal phase of deglutition to prevent choking
42
Serves as a passageway for air and food and where peristalsis begins:
pharynx
43
Sphincter where esophagus is connected to the stomach and closes off the entrance to the stomach to prevent HCl from splashes up to the lower part of the esophagus:
lower esophageal sphincter
44
Condition where lower esophageal sphincter remains open:
GERD
45
Highest section of the stomach:
fundus
46
Narrowed area of the stomach that approaches the small intestine:
antrum
47
The antrum attaches to the small intestine at the ____.
pyloric canal
48
Sphincter between stomach and small intestine (duodenum):
pyloric sphincter
49
Term for food in the area of the duodenum characterized as a semi-solid, soapy mixture:
chyme
50
The secretions from the stomach come from which layer?
mucosa
51
The mucosa contains ____glands:
gastric
52
What are the cells that form the gastric glands?
surface mucous cell (secrete thick mucous), parietal cells, chief cells, G cells
53
What kind of cell produces a thick mucous that protects the lining of the stomach from acid?
surface mucous cell
54
What cells are important for digestion and produce HCl and intrinsic factor?
parietal cell
55
What chemical is needed for protein digestion?
HCl
56
What chemical is important for B12 absorption?
intrinsic factor
57
What cell secretes the two enzymes pepsinogen and gastric lipase?
chief cells
58
What are the enzyme producing cells?
chief cells
59
What cell secretes the hormone gastrin?
G cell
60
B12 is necessary for ____ synthesis.
DNA
61
The lining of the stomach is a _____ membrane.
mucous
62
What chemical produced by the stomach helps kill bacteria and denatures protein?
HCl
63
What is the inactive form of pepsin?
pepsinogen
64
What stimulates acid secretion by the stomach?
Gastrin
65
The parietal cell has receptors for ___, ____, ____, which stimulate the production of HCl:
acetylcholine, histamine, gastrin
66
Three phases of regulation of stomach secretion:
cephalic phase, gastric phase, gastrointestinal phase
67
cephalic phase is:
stimulatory (initiated by sight, smell, taste, or thought of food)
68
gastric phase is:
stimulatory
69
gastrointestinal phase is:
inhibitory
70
Which phase of stomach secretion "gets the stomach ready" by activation of the parasympathetic nervous system which activates the vagus nerve?
cephalic phase
71
Which phase activates the production of pepsin, HCl, histamine, gastrin?
cephalic phase
72
Once food enters the stomach, what phase of stomach regulation is it in?
gastric phase
73
During the gastric phase the G cells produce more:
gastrin...and all other cells enhance/increase production and secretion as well as churning
74
Eventually the ____ opens up and the food enters the first part of the small intestine.
pyloric sphincter
75
The first part of the small intestine is called the ____.
duodenum
76
Once food leaves the stomach, what phase is it in?
gastrointestinal phase
77
Which phase inhibits stomach activity?
gastrointestinal phase
78
The intestinal phase relies on an _____ response to inhibit stomach activity.
endocrine
79
What kind of cell in the intestinal phase secretes CCK, GIP, Secretin?
enterogastric cell
80
CCK shuts off:
stomach secretions
81
Secretin shuts off:
peristalsis
82
GIP shuts off:
secretions and contraction within the stomach
83
What three accessory organs does the small intestine rely on?
pancreas, liver, gallbladder
84
The accessory organs are attached to the alimentary canal by ____.
ducts
85
The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are stimulated by _____ signaled from the duodenum.
hormones
86
The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct form the:
hepatopancreatic ampulla/duct
87
Secretions from the liver and the pancreas enter the duodenum by way of the:
hepatopancreatic ampulla
88
Endocrine function of the pancreas produces:
insulin, glucagon
89
Enzymes produced by the pancreas break down:
proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids
90
Pancreatic enzyme that breaks down proteins:
protease
91
Pancreatic enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates:
amylase
92
Pancreatic enzyme that breaks down nucleic acids:
nuclease
93
Pancreatic enzyme that breaks down dietary fat:
lipase
94
Two hormones involved in the intestinal phase and have an effect on the pancreas:
CCK and secretin
95
What hormone triggers the pancreas to release its digestive enzymes?
CCK (Cholecystokinin) : triggers amylase, lipase, nuclease, protease
96
What hormone triggers the pancreas to release bicarbonate ions?
secretin
97
The fluid released by the pancreas contains:
H2O, bicarbonate, and digestive enzymes
98
The bicarbonate released by the pancreas helps neutralize the:
HCl
99
What neutralizes the acidic chyme entering the duodenum:
bicarbonate ions from the pancreas
100
Secretin triggers the liver to produce:
bile (alkaline pH to further neutralize the acids entering the small intestine from the stomach)
101
CCK gets its name from its action in the:
gallbladder
102
Functions of bile:
dilutes contents from the stomach, creates optimum pH for pancreatic enzymes, contains bile salts which emulsify fats
103
What product from the gallbladder helps emulsify the fats?
bile salts
104
What process increases the surfaces are of fat which makes chemical digestion and absorption easier in the small intestine?
emulsification
105
Fats are digested in what two stages:
emulsification and then the digestive enzyme lipase
106
What hormone shuts down the digestive process?
somatostatin
107
Three sections to the small intestine:
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
108
What is the terminal section of the small intestine?
ileum (attaches to the large intestine)
109
Function of the small intestine:
chemical digestion (major organ of digestion and absorption) and absorption so the nutrients of the food enters the bloodstream
110
The small intestine has a surface area of:
300m^2
111
What extends from the mucosa of the small intestine and increase the surface area of the small intestine?
villi
112
What kind of cells make up the villi?
absorptive cells
113
absorptive cells on the villi increase surface area with:
microvilli (increase the surface area of each villus)
114
Name the structural components that increase the surface area of small intestine:
circular folds, villi, microvilli
115
Functional unit of the small intestine:
villi
116
The core of the villus has a specialized set of:
blood capillaries and lacteals (lymphatic capillaries)
117
First place food is metabolized after it is absorbed by the blood capillaries and lacteals:
liver
118
Most liver functions take place post absorption and is called:
first pass effect
119
Transformation of one organic compound into something else (detoxification process):
biotransformation
120
Biotransformation is performed by the:
liver
121
All fat soluble vitamins are stored in the:
liver
122
The liver stores:
fat soluble vitamins, glycogen, lipids
123
The liver synthesizes:
albumin, growth factors, urea
124
Liver functions:
breaks down RBCs, protein metabolism, synthesis of plasma proteins, enzyme synthesis, conversion of ammonia to urea, carbohydrate metabolism (storage of glucose), fat metabolism, detoxification
125
The ileum attaches to the ____ of the large intestine.
cecum
126
Sections of the large intestine:
cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anus
127
Term for the "pockets" in the colon:
haustra
128
Primary component absorbed by the large intestine:
water and some medications given by suppository
129
The bacteria in the large intestine produce:
vitamin K
