Urinary (Lecture)

Question 1

Main long term organ for maintaining blood pressure:

Answer 1

kidneys

Question 2

Organs of the urinary system:

Answer 2

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder (urocyst), urethra, specialized blood vessels

Question 3

Two regions of the kidney:

Answer 3

renal cortex (outer), renal medulla

Question 4

What part of the kidney forms a network of tubes?

Answer 4

Renal pyramids

Question 5

The tubes that form the renal pyramids are called:

Answer 5

collecting ducts

Question 6

Basic structural and functional unit of the kidney:

Answer 6

nephron

Question 7

You have about ____ number of nephrons at birth.

Answer 7

three million

Question 8

Parts of nephron in macro:

Answer 8

renal corpuscle and tubular component

Question 9

Network of capillaries tucked into Bowman’s capsule:

Answer 9

glomerulus

Question 10

Structure that holds the blood vessels:

Answer 10

Bowman’s capsule or glomerular capsule

Question 11

Three basic functions of the nephron:

Answer 11

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

Question 12

Urine formation requires what three steps?

Answer 12

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

Question 13

Blood vessel that feeds into the glomerulus:

Answer 13

afferent arteriole

Question 14

Filtering takes place in the:

Answer 14

glomerulus

Question 15

Blood vessel that drains the glomerulus:

Answer 15

efferent arteriole

Question 16

Efferent arteriole feeds into the:

Answer 16

peritubular capillaries (surround the nephron)

Question 17

The peritubular capillaries feed into the:

Answer 17

veins…renal vein and eventually the inferior vena cava

Question 18

Reabsorption and secretion occur in the:

Answer 18

nephron and peritubular capillaries (allows the kidneys to carry out its function)

Question 19

The filtering membrane is a combination of:

Answer 19

Bowman’s capsule and blood vessels of the glomerulus

Question 20

Three components of the filtering membrane:

Answer 20

capillary endothelium, basement membrane, podocyte cells that form filtration slits (trap medium sized proteins)

Question 21

What is the first step in urine formation?

Answer 21

glomerular filtration

Question 22

Term for the transfer of fluid and solutes from the glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s capsule due to pressure gradient:

Answer 22

glomerular filtration

Question 23

Movement of molecules from high pressure to low pressure:

Answer 23

filtration

Question 24

Examples of passive biotransport:

Answer 24

diffusion, osmosis, filtration

Question 25

What do you need for filtration (basics):

Answer 25

pressure and a selectively permeable membrane

Question 26

"cells with feet"

Answer 26

podocytes

Question 27

What is filtered by glomerular filtration (stays in blood)?

Answer 27

cells, proteins, and protein-bound substances

Question 28

What gets through filtration by glomerular filtration?

Answer 28

water, electrolytes, low-weight molecular substances

Question 29

The driving force that creates the pressure needed for filtration is mainly from:

Answer 29

blood (pressure)

Question 30

Pressure of plasma is called:

Answer 30

blood hydrostatic pressure

Question 31

If anything affects ____ it will effect filtration.

Answer 31

pressure

Question 32

Chief indicator for how well the kidneys are functioning: volume of plasma filtered from both kidneys per minute:

Answer 32

Glomerular Filtration Rate

Question 33

Normal GFR (prevents uremia if functioning properly)

Answer 33

125ml/min

Question 34

Plasma volume is filtered approximately ____ times per day.

Answer 34

60

Question 35

Many of the wastes accumulated in the body are _____ which are produced by the body.

Answer 35

metabolic wastes

Question 36

When metabolic rate goes up you produce ____ waste products and need to _____ glomerular filtration.

Answer 36

more; increase

Question 37

When substances cannot be reabsorbed quickly enough and are lost in the urine:

Answer 37

GFR is too high

Question 38

When everything is reabsorbed, including wastes that are normally disposed of:

Answer 38

GFR is too low

Question 39

Three mechanisms that control the GFR primarily by controlling blood pressure:

Answer 39

renal autoregulation, hormonal, neural

Question 40

Network of structures next to the glomerulus that carries out the process of filtration control by carrying out renal autoregulation:

Answer 40

juxtaglomerular complex

Question 41

What system monitors the pressure for filtration?

Answer 41

juxtaglomerular complex

Question 42

What monitors how much urine/fluid flows past the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 42

macula densa

Question 43

What monitors how much urine/fluid flows through the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 43

macula densa

Question 44

Special smooth muscle cells that release hormones (factors) if pressure has dropped:

Answer 44

juxtaglomerular cells

Question 45

When the juxtaglomerular cells relax, the afferent arteriole _____ allowing more blood to enter the glomerulus. Thus causing the ____ arteriole to _____.

Answer 45

relax (dilate); efferent; constrict

Question 46

Backup of fluid in the glomerulus:

Answer 46

backpressure (increases blood being filtered and waste products being removed)

Question 47

Process of self control by the glomerulus:

Answer 47

autoregulation

Question 48

Allows the kidney to maintain its own pressure despite systemic pressure reading:

Answer 48

autoregulation

Question 49

Kidneys can only _____ pressure they can't create it.

Answer 49

adjust

Question 50

If the autoregulatory component doesn't work, the kidney can produce ____.

Answer 50

hormones (usually due to a drop in blood pressure which leads to a drop in filtration)

Question 51

Hormone released by kidney:

Answer 51

renin

Question 52

Renin mixes with chemicals from the liver and creates:

Answer 52

angiotensin

Question 53

Angiotensin is converted by the lungs to:

Answer 53

angiotensin II

Question 54

Target tissues of angiotensin:

Answer 54

blood vessels (arterioles)--cause arterioles in body to vasoconstrict (largest influence on pressure--increases blood pressure), brain (hypothalamus triggers thirst to increase blood volume), adrenal gland (adrenal cortex--triggers release of aldosterone)

Question 55

increasing blood pressure, increases:

Answer 55

filtration

Question 56

Hormone that causes you to retain sodium which results in retaining water:

Answer 56

aldosterone

Question 57

Chain of events caused by angiotensin:

Answer 57

increase blood pressure, increase water retention, increase filtration--to remove waste at a normal rate to maintain homeostasis

Question 58

ace-inhibitor

Answer 58

blocks lungs from creating angiotensin so blood pressure isn't raised

Question 59

What always follows salt?

Answer 59

H2O

Question 60

Process where water carries the solutes back to the bloodstream

Answer 60

solvent drag

Question 61

solvent =

Answer 61

water

Question 62

solute =

Answer 62

sodium, potassium, magnesium

Question 63

Solvent drag can't be activated without the:

Answer 63

sodium-potassium ion pump

Question 64

What hormone triggers sodium and water reabsorption?

Answer 64

aldosterone

Question 65

Aldosterone comes from:

Answer 65

adrenal glands

Question 66

Method for getting rid of chemicals that can't fit through the filtering membrane, waste products (additional uric acid and urea), H+, ammonia, nitrogen, excess potassium

Answer 66

tubular secretion

Question 67

How does the nephron maintain/prevent large fluctuations in pH of the blood?

Answer 67

tubular secretion (prevents acidosis and alkalosis)

Question 68

What two processes control the composition and volume of urine?

Answer 68

tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion

Question 69

micturition

Answer 69

process of removing urine from the body

Question 70

Sphincters of the bladder:

Answer 70

internal urethral sphincter, external urethral sphincter

Question 71

The internal urethral sphincter is made of:

Answer 71

smooth muscle (involuntary)

Question 72

The external urethral sphincter is made of:

Answer 72

skeletal muscle (voluntary)

Question 73

Muscular wall of the bladder is called:

Answer 73

detrusor muscle

Question 74

The wall of the bladder contains:

Answer 74

specialized stretch receptors

Question 75

Voluntarily choosing to retain urine causes what to contract?

Answer 75

external urethral sphincter

Question 76

Which urethral sphincter is involuntary?

Answer 76

internal urethral sphincter

Question 77

Where is the micturition reflex center?

Answer 77

sacral region of the spinal cord (in the event of a spinal cord injury, the brain never receives messages to control the external urethral sphincter)

Question 78

The renal corpuscle contains what two structures?

Answer 78

Bownman's capsule and glomerulus

Question 79

The renal tubule contains what four segments?

Answer 79

proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting tubule

Question 80

Movement of substances out of the renal tubules into the peritubular capillaries:

Answer 80

reabsorption

Question 81

The process by which substances move into urine forming in the distal and collecting tubules from blood in the peritubular capillaries:

Answer 81

secretion