Urinalysis (Lab Practical)

Question 1

Functions of the urinary system:

Answer 1

removal of toxic waste products, regulation of blood volume, regulation of electrolyte balance, regulation of acid-base balance, regulation of fluid/electrolytes in tissue fluid, production of erythropoieten

Question 2

What are the primary wastes removed by the urinary system?

Answer 2

nitrogenous wastes

Question 3

What is the main function of the kidneys?

Answer 3

Make sure the physical and chemical properties of blood is maintained.

Question 4

Organic molecules always contain ____.

Answer 4

carbon

Question 5

Organic molecules always follow the ____ to ____ rule.

Answer 5

monomer; polymer

Question 6

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

Answer 6

monosaccharide

Question 7

What is the monomer of proteins?

Answer 7

amino acids

Question 8

What is the monomer of lipids?

Answer 8

fatty acid, glycerol

Question 9

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

Answer 9

nucleotide

Question 10

What is the polymer of carbohydrates?

Answer 10

polysaccharide

Question 11

What is the polymer of proteins?

Answer 11

polypeptide

Question 12

What is the polymer of lipids?

Answer 12

lipid

Question 13

What is the polymer of nucleic acids?

Answer 13

nucleic acid

Question 14

Sum total of all chemical reactions in the body:

Answer 14

metabolism

Question 15

Metabolism can be broken down into two groups:

Answer 15

anabolism and catabolism

Question 16

build things up

Answer 16

anabolism

Question 17

break things down (big molecule to smaller molecule)

Answer 17

catabolism

Question 18

Process of going from monomer to polymer:

Answer 18

anabolism

Question 19

Process of going from polymer to monomer:

Answer 19

catabolism

Question 20

Physical properties of urine:

Answer 20

pH, osmolarity (density), specific gravity (weight of urine, H20=1). Urine is slightly heavier than water at about 1.03

Question 21

Nitrogenous Wastes:

Answer 21

urea, creatinine, uric acid, ammonia, urobilin, bilirubin

Question 22

All nitrogenous wastes contain _____.

Answer 22

nitrogen

Question 23

Four main nitrogenous wastes:

Answer 23

ammonia, urea, uric acid, creatinine

Question 24

NH3

Answer 24

ammonia

Question 25

Term for the transfer of a nitrogen group from one chemical to another that is needed to synthesize many of the amino acids:

Answer 25

transamination

Question 26

Conversion of keto acids into an amino acid:

Answer 26

transamination

Question 27

Where does transamination mainly take place?

Answer 27

liver

Question 28

LFT (liver function test) shows:

Answer 28

transaminases (AST, ALT)

Question 29

Process by which amino acids are broken down if there is an excess of protein intake:

Answer 29

deamination

Question 30

Where does deamination primarily take place?

Answer 30

liver

Question 31

What process removes an amine group and converts it into ammonia?

Answer 31

deamination

Question 32

ammonia is converted to:

Answer 32

urea

Question 33

How many grams of urea is typically eliminated in urine per day?

Answer 33

21g/day (almost an ounce)

Question 34

The ____ prevents nitrogenous waste from building up?

Answer 34

kidneys

Question 35

BUN test:

Answer 35

blood-urea-nitrogen

Question 36

Condition if BUN is abnormally high:

Answer 36

azotemia

Question 37

Why does azotemia occur?

Answer 37

build up of nitrogen containing compounds in the waste because kidneys can't remove it fast enough which could indicate kidney problem

Question 38

Untreated azotemia can progress to:

Answer 38

uremia

Question 39

Azotemia with symptoms or signs of renal failure:

Answer 39

uremia

Question 40

Ammonia and urea come from ____. So an increase in these shown in blood test would suggest the patient needs to decrease ____ intake.

Answer 40

protein; protein

Question 41

Uric acid comes from:

Answer 41

nucleic acids

Question 42

The monomer of nucleic acid:

Answer 42

nucleotides

Question 43

Nucleotides are the basic building blocks of:

Answer 43

DNA and RNA

Question 44

The purines____ and___ are found in both RNA and DNA.

Answer 44

adenine; guanine

Question 45

Pyrimidines include:

Answer 45

cytosine, thymine, Uracil

Question 46

Uric acid comes from the conversion of ____.

Answer 46

purines

Question 47

Uric acid can ____ and cause the condition ____.

Answer 47

crystallize; gout

Question 48

Four nitrogenous wastes:

Answer 48

ammonia, nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine

Question 49

Creatine Phosphate is one of the ways the body produces:

Answer 49

ATP

Question 50

Primary tissues that produce ATP by way of creatine phosphate:

Answer 50

skeletal muscles

Question 51

The waste product of ATP is:

Answer 51

creatinine

Question 52

Ketones come from the break down of ____ and ____.

Answer 52

fats; triglycerides

Question 53

ketones are also referred to as ____.

Answer 53

acids/keto acids

Question 54

Ketone synthesis occurs in the ____.

Answer 54

liver

Question 55

Examples of ketone bodies:

Answer 55

acetone, acetoacetate, hydroxybutyrate

Question 56

DKA

Answer 56

diabetic-keto-acidosis

Question 57

How do you reverse DKA?

Answer 57

give insulin so the body uses glucose for energy instead of fats

Question 58

Keto-acids can also end up in urine, but in normal circumstances their numbers are low unless someone is _____ because the kidneys aren't able to get rid of metabolic wastes and maintain pH of blood.

Answer 58

diabetic