Respiratory (Lecture)

Question 1

The respiratory system supports what function:

Answer 1

cellular respiration: oxygen in during inspiration and C2 and H2O out during expiration

Question 2

C6H12O2+O2 yields CO2+H2O+ATP

Answer 2

formula for cellular respiration

Question 3

Exchange of gases:

Answer 3

respiration

Question 4

Gas exchange between atmosphere and alveoli:

Answer 4

pulmonary ventilation

Question 5

gas exchange between alveoli and blood:

Answer 5

external respiration

Question 6

gas exchange between the blood and the tissues/cells:

Answer 6

internal respiration

Question 7

In order to continually produce ATP what has to take place:

Answer 7

pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, internal respiration

Question 8

Another function is the production of voice which is controlled by the:

Answer 8

larynx

Question 9

Three basic functions of the respiratory system:

Answer 9

maintain cellular respiration, voice, regulate blood pH

Question 10

Features of nasal cavity: Nasal conchae (superior, middle, inferior)/turbinates:

Answer 10

allow the air to increase in temperature, turbulence created cause small particles to stick to mucous membranes to cleanse the air, air is humidified–more of a vapor which prevents the lungs from drying out

Question 11

throat:

Answer 11

pharynx

Question 12

Three sections of pharynx:

Answer 12

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Question 13

Food and air have to separate at the:

Answer 13

laryngopharynx

Question 14

Specialized muscles in the throat:

Answer 14

constrictors (guide food to the esophagus and not the trachea)

Question 15

What kind of cartilage is the epiglottis made up of:

Answer 15

elastic cartilage

Question 16

What structure closes the opening into the trachea?

Answer 16

epiglottis

Question 17

What is the function of the epiglottis?

Answer 17

Prevents food from entering the lower airway

Question 18

Vocal cords are located in the:

Answer 18

larynx

Question 19

Nasal cavity to larynx is the:

Answer 19

upper respiratory tract

Question 20

Trachea down to lungs:

Answer 20

lower respiratory tract

Question 21

Tracheal rings are made of:

Answer 21

hyaline cartilage

Question 22

The hyaline cartilage that makes up the tracheal rings provides:

Answer 22

rigidity so the lumen can stay open and not collapse

Question 23

Lumen of the trachea is made of:

Answer 23

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

Question 24

Cilia of the trachea produce:

Answer 24

mucous to cleanse the air of debris

Question 25

Cilia move in an ____ direction until it gets to the throat which sends the contaminated mucous to the ____ and the _____.

Answer 25

upward; esophagus; digestive tract

Question 26

Upward movement caused by the cilia lining the trachea:

Answer 26

mucociliary escalator

Question 27

Trachea branches to:

Answer 27

bronchiole tree

Question 28

What conducts air to the alveoli:

Answer 28

bronchioles

Question 29

Structural and functional unit of the lungs:

Answer 29

alveoli

Question 30

Structure that connects the pulmonary system to the vascular system:

Answer 30

alveoli

Question 31

Ventilation and external respiration intersect at the _____.

Answer 31

alveoli

Question 32

The _____ alveolar cell allows diffusion process of exchange to occur with very little resistance.

Answer 32

squamous

Question 33

What type of cell in the alveoli produce a fluid called surfactant:

Answer 33

great alveolar cells/septal cells

Question 34

surface acting agent:

Answer 34

surfactant (soapy/lipid substance)

Question 35

What decreases surface tension within the alveoli?

Answer 35

surfactant (allows uninterrupted ventilation)

Question 36

What does surfactant do?

Answer 36

prevents H2O molecules from forming hydrogen bonds which could prevent the alveoli from re-expanding and can lead to a collapsed lung/partially collapsed lung

Question 37

What kind of cell in the alveoli phagocytize foreign particles so the blood doesn't become contaminated?

Answer 37

alveolar macrophage (dust cell)

Question 38

Alveoli also contain ____ tissue so they easily expand and contract.

Answer 38

elastic

Question 39

Area where gas exchange between alveoli and blood vessels (capillary) occur:

Answer 39

respiratory membrane

Question 40

Parts of the respiratory membrane:

Answer 40

squamous alveolar cell, shared basement membrane, capillary endothelial cell

Question 41

Three methods for carrying CO2 through the blood:

Answer 41

dissolving CO2 (least efficient way: only 7%), CO2 attaches to hemoglobin (increases amount carried: 32%), chemical reaction between CO2 + water with enzyme CAH, product is converted to H2CO3 (carbonic acid)--eventually produces bicarbonate which acts as a buffer for pH balance (accounts for 70% of CO2 transported)

Question 42

When CO2 attaches to hemoglobin on the protein chain:

Answer 42

carb-amino-hemoglobin

Question 43

O2 transport methods:

Answer 43

able to dissolve some O2 into the plasma (1-2%), O2 attaches to hemoglobin and form oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) (98-99% of oxygen transported this way)

Question 44

Oxygen and hemoglobin form a chemical bond called:

Answer 44

coordinate bond (special type of covalent bond)

Question 45

Process of breaking the chemical bond holding oxygen to hemoglobin so it can diffuse into the tissues:

Answer 45

oxygen dissociation

Question 46

As metabolic rate increases, the more ____ we need to diffuse into the tissues.

Answer 46

O2

Question 47

Factors that increase oxyhemoglobin dissociation:

Answer 47

lowering pH, increase temperature, increased chemical BPG, increased CO2

Question 48

BPG

Answer 48

biphosphoglycerate

Question 49

Any stimulant increases the production of ____.

Answer 49

BPG which causes an increase in oxygen dissociation

Question 50

Main hormone for fight or flight:

Answer 50

epinephrine

Question 51

Hormone that increases BPG:

Answer 51

thyroid, growth, epinephrine

Question 52

hypothyroid means ____ oxygen is getting to the tissues.

Answer 52

less

Question 53

Increased ____ causes more oxygen to be released from ____ and enter the tissues and produce more ____.

Answer 53

BPG; hemoglobin; ATP

Question 54

Bohr Effect

Answer 54

increased CO2 increases oxygen dissociation

Question 55

increased metabolism, increases _____ production:

Answer 55

CO2

Question 56

The pressure and volume are inversely related:

Answer 56

Boyle's Law

Question 57

Primary area of nervous system control of breathing:

Answer 57

brain stem: medulla, pons, midbrain

Question 58

Term for the group of neurons in the medulla responsible for the rhythmical pattern of breathing:

Answer 58

medullary rhythmicity area (inhalation and exhalation processes)

Question 59

A complete respiration is:

Answer 59

one inhalation, one exhalation (controlled by medullary rhythmicity center)

Question 60

Area in pons that trigger inhalation and exhalation:

Answer 60

apneustic area and pneumotaxic area

Question 61

apneustic area triggers:

Answer 61

inhalation

Question 62

pneumotaxic area triggers:

Answer 62

exhalation

Question 63

What turns on and off the apneustic and pneumotaxic areas:

Answer 63

medullary rhythmicity area