Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Shaker > Digestive System Module 4 > Flashcards

Digestive System Module 4 Flashcards

(231 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

The function of taking in food is called

A

Ingestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two functions of Digestion

A

1st Chemical Digestion (Enzymes breaking of covalent bonds)

2nd Making big pieces of food smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The function of chemically transferring digested molecules from the g.i. tract to be absorbed in the body/bloodstream is called

A

Absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The function of removing undigested molecules (Defecation) from g.i. tract

A

Elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tube like structure that extends from the mouth to the anus

A

G.I. Tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Secrete digestive enzymes into g.i. tract

A

Exocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the accessory organs of the GI tract

A

Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

side:Exocrine Glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which layer is the innermost in the wall of the g.i. tract

A

Mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the functions of Mucosa

A

Mucous membrane (goblet cells)
Protects underlying tissues
Many secretory cells (digestive juices) are found in the mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do goblet cells make

A

Mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the 2nd layer (G.I. Tract) to innermost layer called

A

Submucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the Submucosa made out of

A

Connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the Submucosa contain

A

Blood vessels, Nerves, in the small intestine it contains many mucous secreting glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does the Submucosa do

A

Regulates activity of g.i. tract against acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the 3rd layer of the GI Tract wall called

A

Muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the Muscle layer called

A

Inner layer and Outer layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the muscle layer made out of

A

Muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the inner layer of Muscle layer

A

has fibers that are arranged in a circular pattern (contraction narrows the lumen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the outer layer of Muscle layer

A

has fibers that are arranged in a longitudinal pattern (contraction makes the g.i. tract shorter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The combination of the inner muscle layer and the outer muscle layer produces

A

Peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The stomach has an extra layer that is referred to as the

A

The oblique layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The oblique layer is responsible for

A

Strengthens the stomach and help it with mixing food and digestive enzymes. HELPS STOMACH WITH CHURNING

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The 4th layer of the GI Tract is called

A

Serosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The visceral layer of the peritoneum is

A

Serosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
The esophagus is covered with
Fibrous connective tissue
26
Projections hold
relative position
27
Peritoneal Membranes form a
Large flat Folded Structure
28
Describe the functions of the Peritoneal Membranes (2)
Helps anchor the digestive organs Separates the abdominal cavity into compartments which help restrict the spread of infection
29
What do the Peritoneal Membranes contain
Blood vessels, Lymph vessels, and nerves
30
In relation to the Peritoneal Membranes, the digestive organs are the _______ and ________, the membranes in front are the _________ and ________ ________.
Mesentary and Mesocolon Greater and Lesser Omentum
31
The ORAL CAVITY is also referred to as the
The Mouth
32
The process of putting food in mouth is called
ingestion
33
The function of chewing food in our mouth is called
Mastication
34
When does the beginning of mechanical digestion occur
During Mastication
35
During mastication what lubricates food
Saliva (Salivary Amylase)
36
Swallowing or moving appropriate amounts of food toward larynx is called
Deglutition
37
What covers the pharynx during Deglutition
Uvula
38
What separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity
Soft and Hard Palate
39
The Maxillae is
Upper jaw
40
The Mandible is
Lower jaw
41
The ridges between each tooth is called
gingiva
42
The mandible is famous for being
The only movable bone in the skull
43
The tongue is a ______ organ that is anchored by the _____ to the floor of the mouth
Muscular | Frenulum
44
What are the functions of the tongue
taste buds, helps with chewing, swallowing, and speech
45
Sublingual Capillary Bed
??????
46
What are the 3 pairs of Salivary Glands called
Parotid, Submandibular, and Sublingual
47
The largest pair of Salivary Glands, right by the ears
Parotid
48
Salivary Gland directly under jawbone
Submandibular
49
Salivary gland under the tongue
Sublingual
50
What are the functions of Saliva
Moistens food to help with Mastication and Deglutition Helps keep mouth and teeth clean ...lysozyme Amylase converts starch to sugar
51
What is lysozyme
an enzyme that catalyzes the destruction of the cell walls of certain bacteria, occurring notably in tears and egg white.
52
What are the teeth made of
Dentin (Calcium Based)
53
The crown of the tooth is covered with
Enamel
54
What does the root of the tooth under the gumline do
Anchors the tooth in the jaw
55
What are the accessory structures of the Mouth (3)
Tongue, Salivary Glands, Teeth
56
Over the course of time a person will have two sets of teeth the ______ are the first and have __total
Deciduous 20 total
57
The 2nd set of teeth we get are called _______ and __ total
Permanent 32 total
58
The common passageway for respiratory and GI systems
Pharynx, Oral Cavity, Laryngyl Pharynx
59
During Deglutition what is the tongue responsible for
pushing bolus of food mixed with saliva into the pharynx
60
What particular part of the Pharynx does the uvula close during swallowing
Naso-pharynx
61
What covers the Larynx during swallowing
Epiglottis
62
The esophagus is a _______ tube about ______ long
Muscular | 10 inches
63
What is the function of the esophagus
Moves food mixed with mucus by peristalsis into the stomach
64
Where does the esophagus travel through
Esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm before it reaches the stomach
65
The stomach is located in which quadrant
Left upper quadrant
66
What are the functions of the stomach (3)
Food storage Churn Digestion
67
During digestion in the stomach what gets absorbed
HCI (Hydrochloric Acid) | Pepsin
68
The stomach is a ___ shaped Organ
J shaped
69
The stomach contains 2 ______
sphincters
70
The two types of sphincters are called the
Cardiac Sphincter and the Pyloric Sphincter
71
The cardiac sphincter is at the _______ and he Pyloric sphincter is at the _______
Entrance of stomach Exit
72
Both sphincters are _______ when the stomach churns
closed
73
_____ helps the stomach stretch
Rugae
74
The 3 layers of the stomach are
Circular, Longitudinal, and Oblique
75
When the stomach is empty it has folds called the
Rugae
76
The 3 REGIONS of the stomach are
Fundus Body Pylorus
77
Pylorus contains
secretory cells
78
Gastric pits are located in the
Stomach
79
Goblet cells are located in the
Gastric pits
80
Chief cells located in the ________ make _________
``` Gastric pits Digestive enzymes (Pepsin) ```
81
Parietal cells located in the Gastric pits make (2)
``` HCI Intrinsic Factor(b12) ```
82
Secretions of the gastric pits are called
Gastric juice
83
The nervous control of the stomach activity is done by
The Vagus Nerve
84
The Parasympathetic Nervous System Nerve
Vagus Nerve
85
Hormonal control is influenced by
Gastrin produced by G cells in the stomach
86
Gastrin is produced in the stomach in response to
Stomach distention Presence of caffeine in the stomach Presence of partially digested protein in the stomach
87
What are the functions of gastrin (2)
Secretion of large amounts of gastric juice Closure of the cardiac sphincter
88
Food leaves the stomach in the form of _______ and it is _____
Chyme Highly acidic
89
Food leaves through the stomach through the _________ and enters the _________
Pyloric sphincter Small intestine
90
The largest part of the digestive tract is the
Small intestine
91
The small intestine is about _______ long and about ____ in diameter
20 inches | 1 inch
92
The small intestine is folded and has millions of finger like projections called _____ which _____
villi | increases the surface area for absorption
93
The small intestine with help of the VILLI absorb
Fat and Fat soluble vitamins
94
Each villus contains (2)
Blood capillaries and a lacteal
95
The first part of the Small intestine is the ______ and it is _____ inches long
Duodenum | 12 inches
96
The duodenum is __ shaped
C
97
Describe the functions of the Small Intestine
Receive Chyme from the Stomach and Digestive Secretions from the Liver and Pancreas
98
What protects the small intestine from acidic chyme
Mucous secreting glands
99
Most digestion and absorption takes place in the
Duodenum
100
The 2nd part of the Small Intestine is the _____ and is about ______ long
Jejunum | 8 FOOT long
101
What takes place in the Jejunum
Some digestion and absorption
102
The 3rd part of the Small Intestine is the _____ and it is _____ long
Ilium | 12 FOOT LONG
103
The Ilium ends at the
ileocecal valve
104
The Ilium contains _____ that
``` Peyer patches (Patches of lymphatic tissue) prevent normal flora from the large intestine to small intestine ```
105
What are the four enzymes secreted by the small intestine
Lactase Sucrase Maltase Peptidases
106
Function of lactase
digest lactose (sugar in milk)
107
Function of Sucrase
digest sucrose (table sugar)
108
Functions of Maltase
digests maltase (digestion of grains)
109
Functions of Peptidases
coming from the stomach with chyme digests Pepsin, HCI BEGGINING OF PROTEIN IN STOMACH
110
What are the 3 enzymes and the 1 sodium secreted by the pancreas
Pancreatic Amylase Pancreatic Lipase Pancreatic Enzymes (tripsin + chymotripsin) Sodium Bicarbonate
111
Bile is secreted by the
Liver
112
Function of Pancreatic Amylase
Carb/Starch digestion
113
Function of Pancreatic Lipase
Lipids
114
Function of Pancreatic Enzymes (Tripsin + Chymotripsin)
Proteins
115
Bile is the
breaking down or large particles of fat so it can be digested
116
The Large intestine is about ______ long and about ____ in diameter
5 feet long | 2.5 INCHES in diameter
117
The large intestine begins at the _______ and ends at the ____
ileocecal valve | anus
118
The wall of the large intestine forms a series of _____ with creases called _____
pouches | tinae coli
119
1st part of Large intestine
Cecum
120
The Cecum receives material from the ____
ileum
121
The Cecum is considered a
Blind Pouch
122
The vermiform appendix looks like a ____ and is apart of the _____
Worm | Cecum
123
The 2nd part of the Large intestine
Ascending colon
124
The ascending colon is located on the ______
right side of the abdominal cavity
125
The ascending colon extends from the
Cecum to the hepatic flexure (where it turns)
126
The 3rd part of the colon is the
Transverse colon
127
The transverse colon extends from across the
abdomen from the hepatic flexure to the splenic flexure
128
The 4th part of the Large intestine is called the
Descending colon
129
The Descending colon is located at the
left side of the abdomen
130
The Descending colon extends from the
Splenic flexure to the sigmoid flexure
131
The 5th part of the Large intestine is the
Sigmoid colon
132
The sigmoid colon starts at the ____ and empties into the _____
sigmoid flexure | rectum
133
The sigmoid colon is __ shaped which bends ______
S shaped | bends posteriorly
134
The 6th part of the Large intestine is the
Rectum
135
The Rectum is the last _____ of the large intestine (size)
15 CM
136
The rectum stores
Fecal matter
137
The rectum contains the Anal canal and contains 2 sphincters which are the
Internal Anal Sphincter | and the External anal Sphincter
138
The internal anal sphincter is ________ while the external anal sphincter is _________
Involuntary Voluntary
139
Normal flora in the Large intestine produce (3)
Vitamin K Biotin Vitamin B5
140
The Large intestine is responsible for the absorption of (2)
Water and Bile Salts
141
The Large intestine stores ____ and is responsible for
Stores waste | Responsible for Defecation
142
Defecation is the
elimination of Undigested waste
143
Where is the Pancreas located
Posterior to the stomach in the UPPER LEFT QUADRANT
144
Pancreas produces Sodium Bicarbonate which is a
Weak base that neutralizes acidic chyme that reaches the small intestine
145
Pancreatic Secretions that travel through the pancreatic duct join the __________ and empties into the ________
Common bile duct Duodenum
146
The liver is the ______ (size)
largest gland
147
The liver is located in the
Right Upper Quadrant
148
The liver has ___ lobes __ and __
two lobes left and right
149
The liver receives blood from the __________ and _________ by the _______ vein
GI tract and spleen by the hepatic portal vein
150
What does the liver store (3)
Glycogen, Vitamins, Iron
151
The Liver synthesizes (3)
plasma proteins (albumin and clotting factors) Urea Bile
152
The liver destroys _____ and detoxifies ______
RBCs Detoxifies harmful substances
153
The Liver modifies _____ to enhance ____
lipids | to enhance their use by cells
154
What is first pass effect
The first-pass effect (also known as first-pass metabolism or presystemic metabolism) is a phenomenon of drug metabolism whereby the concentration of a drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation. It is the fraction of lost drug during the process of absorption which is generally related to the liver and gut wall. Notable drugs that experience a significant first-pass effect are imipramine, morphine, propranolol, buprenorphine, diazepam, midazolam, demerol, cimetidine, and lidocaine.
155
Bile is needed for the _____ and is the color ______
digestion of lipids green secretion
156
Bile _____ fat. _____ means
Emulsifies Emulsify means to break up into small droplets
157
The gallbladder is the ________ sac/pouch on the interior surface of the _____ that stores ______
Muscular Liver Bile
158
Bile travels via ______ into the ______
Cystic duct to the gallbladder
159
The gallbladder absorbs ______ from the concentrated bile
Water
160
What are enzymes
Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up the reactions involved in digestion
161
Food goes in the mouth then into the _______ then into the _______
Pharynx | Esophagus
162
Food goes from the Esophagus then into _______ then into ________
Stomachs Cardiac Sphincter | Stomachs Pyloric Sphincter
163
Food goes from the Stomachs Pyloric Sphincter then into _______ then into _____
Duodenum | Jejunum
164
Food goes from the Jejunum then into ______ then into ______
Ilium | Cecum
165
Food goes from the Cecum then into the ______ then into the _______
Ascending colon | Transverse colon
166
Food goes from the Transverse colon then into the ______ then into the ________
Descending colon | Sigmoid
167
Food goes from the Sigmoid then into the __________ then into the _______
Rectum | Internal anal Sphincter
168
Food goes from the Internal anal sphincter then into the _______ then _______
External Anal Sphincter | Out the body
169
The 3 parts the mouth consists of are the
Tongue Teeth Saliva
170
The 2 parts that belong to the pharynx are called the And the 2 parts that close passageways are the
Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx Uvula and Epiglottis
171
The stomach is responsible for ________ digestion and ______ digestion
Chemical and Mechanical
172
The small intestine consists of (3)
Duodenum Jejunum Ilium
173
The large intestine consists of (6)
``` Cecum Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid Rectum ```
174
The anus consists of
Internal and External Sphincter
175
Amylase is produced by (2)
Salivary glands + Pancreas
176
Amylase is located in (2)
Mouth + Duodenum
177
Amylase acts on
Turning Starch or CHO --> Disaccharides
178
Pepsin is produced by
Chief cells in the stomach
179
Pepsin is located in
The stomach
180
Pepsin acts on
Protein --> Peptides
181
HCI is produced by
Parietal cells in the stomach
182
HCI is located in
The stomach
183
HCI acts on
Protein
184
Bile is produced by
The Liver
185
Bile is located in the
Duodenum
186
Bile acts on
Emulsifies fat
187
Lipase is produced by
The pancreas
188
Lipase is located in the
Duodenum
189
Lipase acts on
Lipids --> Fatty acids + glycerol
190
Trypsin / Chymotrypsin is produced by the
Pancreas
191
Trypsin / Chymotrypsin is located in the
Duodenum
192
Trypsin / Chymotrypsin acts on
Protein ---> Peptides
193
Sucrase / Maltase / Lactase is produced by
Duodenum
194
Sucrase / Maltase / Lactase is Located in the
Duodenum
195
Sucrase / Maltase / Lactase acts on
Disaccharides --> Monosaccharides
196
Peptidases is produced by
Duodenum
197
Peptidases is located in the
Duodenum
198
Peptidases acts on
Peptidases --> amino acids
199
Carbohydrate starts in the mouth with the help of
Salivary Amylase
200
The end product of Starch (carbohydrate) digestion is
Monosaccharides
201
Protein Digestion starts in the ______ with ______ and _____
stomach HCI and Pepsin
202
The end of protein digestion is
Amino Acids
203
Fat digestion starts in the
Small Intestines
204
The end product of fat digestion is (2)
Fatty acids and Glycerol
205
Parasympathetic Stimulation (Vagus Nerve) does .....
increases the production of digestive secretions and increases motility of the GI tract
206
Parasympathetic Stimulation occurs due to (2)
Sight and smell of food | Stomach distention
207
Peristalsis is the ______ of the G.I.
Motility
208
Sympathetic Stimulation leads to a ......
decrease in the production of digestive secretions and decreases motility of the GI tract
209
Gastrin is secreted by
G cells in the stomach
210
Gastrin is produced in response to
stomach distention, presence of caffeine in the stomach, or presence of partially digested protein in the stomach
211
What are the functions of gastrin
secretion of large amounts of gastric juice, and closure of the cardiac sphincter
212
When is Gastric Inhibitory Peptide secreted
When chyme enters the small intestine
213
What are the functions of GIP
inhibits the secretion of gastric juices and decreases gastric motility Stimulates the release of insulin
214
When is Secretin secreted
When chyme enter the small intestine
215
What are the functions of Secretin
Decreases gastric secretions
216
What does Secretin Stimulates (3)
the release of water and bicarbonate from the pancreas release of bile of liver insulin
217
When Cholecystokinin CCk secreted
When fat enters small intestine
218
What does CCK stimulate
release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas release of bile from the gallbladder
219
CCk inhibits ________ _________ and may feel pain in the ____
gastric emptying RUQ
220
The Small intestine is responsible for the absorption of (3)
digested starch, proteins, and lipids
221
The Large intestine is responsible for the absorption of (2)
Water vitamins and minerals
222
What happens when there is a spinal reflex by the reflex initiated by the presence of fecal matter in the rectum
Defecation
223
Defecation can have several ______ ______ defects
Neural tube
224
The internal anal sphincter is
involuntary
225
The external anal sphincter is
voluntary
226
Both sphincters must ____ in order for defecation to occur
Relax
227
Name some effects of aging
decreased sense of appetite and taste decreased peristalsis decreased secretions in g.i. decreased intrinsic factor decreased muscle tone of cardiac sphincter
228
Decreased intrinsic factor can lead to
Pernicious anemia
229
Decreased Muscle tone can lead to
increase in pyrosis(Heartburn) / GERD
230
Describe intrinsic factor
a substance secreted by the stomach that enables the body to absorb vitamin B12. It is a glycoprotein
231
Plasma proteins and Clotting factors come from
Liver

Shaker (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions