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Digestive System test Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of digestive system:

A

Function of the digestive system is to break down the foods you eat, release their nutrients, and absorb those nutrients into the body

Small intestine is where the majority of digestion occurs, where most of the released nutrients are absorbed into the blood or lymph

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2
Q

Four layers of the alimentary canal

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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3
Q

Function of the alimentary canal?

A

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract or gut
Main function of the organs of the alimentary canal is to nourish the body

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4
Q

What does the mucosa consist of?

A

Innermost lining of the alimentary canal

Epithelium, which is in direct contact with ingested food

lamina propria, a layer of connective tissue analogous to the dermis

In addition, the mucosa has a thin, smooth muscle layer, called the muscularis mucosa

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5
Q

What does the submucosa consist of ?

A

Immediately beneath the mucosa

Dense connective tissue

Blood & lymphatic vessels: transport absorbed nutrients
Submucosal glands: release digestive secretions

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6
Q

What does the Muscularis consist of ?

A

Third layer of the alimentary canal

Muscle (skeletal or smooth) layer of the alimentary canal wall

Double layer of smooth muscle: an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer

Contractions of these layers promote mechanical digestion, expose more of the food to digestive chemicals, and move the food along the canal

Peristalsis

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7
Q

What does the submucosa consist of ?

A

Superficial to the muscularis

layer of loose connective tissus

Present only in the region of the alimentary canal within the abdominal cavity

Serve to hold the alimentary canal in place near the ventral surface of the vertebral column

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8
Q

Which organs are supported by a layer of adventitia rather than serosa?

A

Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus

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9
Q

What is the function of Peyer’s patches?

A

These lymphocyte clusters are particularly substantial in the distal ileum where they are known as Peyer’s patches

Alimentary canal is exposed to foodborne bacteria and other foreign matter and immune system has evolved a means of defending against the pathogens encountered within it

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10
Q

Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract

A

Mouth to anus

Mouth and anus open to the external environment

Food and wastes within the alimentary canal are technically considered to be outside the body

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11
Q

What is the function of accessory digestive organs?

A

Aid in the breakdown of food

The mouth, the teeth and tongue begin mechanical digestion

Salivary glands begin chemical digestion

Once food products enter the small intestine, the gallbladder, liver, and pancreas release secretions- bile and enzymes- essential for digestion

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12
Q

What tissue is the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and anal canal lined with?

A

Non-keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium, which provides protection

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13
Q

What tissue is the stomach and intestines lined with?

A

Simple columnar epithelium, which secretes and absorbs

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14
Q

What cells secrete mucus and fluid into the lumen?

A

Goblet Cells

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15
Q

What cells secrete hormones into the interstitial spaces between cells

A

Enteroendocrine cells

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16
Q

What is the Lamina Propria lined with?

A

Loose connective tissue

Blood and lymphatic vessels: transport nutrients absorbed through the alimentary canal to other parts of the body.

Serves an immune function by housing clusters of lymphocytes, making up the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

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17
Q

What is the Peritoneum?

A

Digestive organs within the abdominal cavity are held in place by the peritoneum

Broad serous membranous sac made up of squamous epithelial tissue surrounded by connective tissue

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18
Q

What are the 2 regions of the Peritoneum?

A

Parietal peritoneum: lines the abdominal wall
Visceral peritoneum: enveloping the abdominal organs

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19
Q

Mechanical digestion along the gastrointestinal tract:

A

Mouth: chewing

Esophagus: Peristalsis

Stomach: Churning & Maceration- (mixing wave)

Small intestine: peristalsis & segmentation

Large intestine: peristalsis

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20
Q

What are the 6 digestive processes?

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Propulsion
  3. Mechanical digestion
  4. Chemical digestion
  5. Absorption
  6. Defecation
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21
Q

What processes occurs throughout most of the alimentary canal?

A

Propulsion

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22
Q

In which part of the alimentary canal does most digestion occur?

A

Proximal small intestine

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23
Q

Peristalsis:

A

Series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract

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24
Q

Segmentation:

A

Divides and mixes the chyme by alternating between backward and forward movement of the gastrointestinal tract (GI) contents.

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25
What is the function of liver?
Produces bile salts, which emulsify lipids, aiding their digestion and absorption
26
What is the function of Gallbladder?
Stores, concentrates, and releases bile
27
What is the function of Pancreas?
Produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate help neutralize acidic chyme and provide optimal environment for enzymatic activity
28
What is the structure and function of gastric pits?
Gastric pits lead to gastric glands that secrete gastric juice Vast number of gastric pits dot the surface of the epithelium, entry to each gastric gland, which secretes a complex digestive fluid referred to as gastric juice
29
What are the structures in small intestine that increase absorption of nutrients?
3 features of the mucosa and submucosa are unique 1. Circular folds 2. Villi 3. Microvilli Absorptive surface of the small intestine is vastly enlarged by the presence of circular folds, villi, and microvilli
30
What is the role of bacterial flora?
Bacteria live within the large intestine and are referred to as the bacterial flora More than 700 species of these bacteria are nonpathogenic commensal organisms that cause no harm as long as they stay in the gut lumen Many facilitate chemical digestion and absorption, and some synthesize certain vitamins, mainly biotin, pantothenic acid, and vitamin K
31
What is the role of bile?
Lipids are hydrophobic, i.e. they do not dissolve in water Bile is a mixture secreted by the liver to accomplish the emulsification of lipids in the small intestine
32
Location of the pancreas:
Lies transversely in the retroperitoneum behind the stomach Mix of exocrine (secreting digestive enzymes) and endocrine (releasing hormones into the blood) functions
33
What are the major ducts that carry bile in the pancreas & gallbladder?
1. Small ducts accumulate the bile produced by hepatocytes 2. Bile flows first into bile ductules and then into bile ducts bile ducts unite to form the larger right and left hepatic ducts, which themselves merge and exit the liver as the common hepatic duct 3. Duct then joins with the cystic duct from the gallbladder, forming the common bile duct through which bile flows into the small intestine The common hepatic duct and the cystic duct join to form the common bile duct.
34
What is chemical digestion?
Large food molecules (for example, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and starches) must be broken down into subunits that are small enough to be absorbed by the lining of the alimentary canal This is accomplished by enzymes through hydrolysis
35
What cells produce both hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor
Parietal Cells
36
What secretes pepsinogen: inactive proenzyme form of pepsin.
Chief Cells
37
What are the 3 brush boarder enzymes?
1. Hydrolyze sucrose 2. Lactose 3. Maltose
38
What breaks down lactose into one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose?
Lactase
39
What breaks down maltose into two glucose molecules?
Maltase
40
What splits sucrose into one molecule of fructose and one molecule of glucose?
Sucrase
41
What is water absorption driven by?
concentration gradient of the water
42
Where does water absorption occur?
90% of the water is absorbed in the small intestines Much of the remaining water is then absorbed in the colon
43
ALT:
Alanine transaminase
44
AST:
Aspartate transaminase
45
GI:
Gastrointestinal
46
IBD:
Inflammatory bowel disease
47
IBS:
Irritable bowel syndrome
48
LFT:
Liver function Test
49
Hemoccult test:
Feces are placed on paper containing the chemical guaiac, which reacts with hidden blood. Used to test for colon cancer
50
Liver function tests:
Measurement of the liver enzymes and other substances in the blood
51
Stool culture:
Feces are placed in a growth medium to test for microorganisms
52
Anal:
Pertaining to anus An/o- anus al- pertaining to
53
Appendectomy:
Surgical removal of appendix append/o- appendix ectomy- surgical removal
54
Appendicitis:
Inflammation of appendix appendic/o- appendix itis- inflammation
55
Cholesystectomy:
Surgical removal of gallbladder cholecyst/o- gallbadder ectomy- surgical removal
56
Colostomy:
New opening of colon col/o- colon stomy- a new opening
57
Colonoscopy:
Visual examination of colon colon/o- colon scopy- visual examination
58
Duodenal:
pertaining to duodenum Douden/o- duodenum al- peratining to
59
Esophageal:
pertaining to esophagus Esophag/o- esophagus eal- pertaining to
60
Gastralgia:
Stomach pain gastr/o- stomach algia- pain
61
Hepatomegaly:
enlargement of liver Hepat/o- liver megaly- enlargment
62
Ileostomy:
Surgical opening of ileum ile/o- ileum stomy- surgical opening/ new opening
63
Gastrojejunostomy:
Surgical opening of the stomach jejunum Gastr/o- stomach jejun/o- jejunum stomy- new surgical opening
64
oral:
pertaining to mouth or/o- mouth al- pertaining to
65
Pancreatitis:
Inflammation of pancreas Pancreat/o- pancreas itis- inflammation
66
Pharyngeal:
Pertaining to pharynx pharyng/o- pharynx eal- pertainning to
67
Proctoscopy:
Visual examination of anus and rectum proct/o- anus & rectum scopy- visual examination
68
Rectocele:
Hernia of rectum cele- hernia rect/o- rectum
69
Sigmoidoscopy:
Visual examination of sigmoid colon Sigmoid/o- sigmoid colon scopy- visual examination
70
Stomatitis:
Inflammation of mouth Stomat/o- mouth itis-inflammation
71
Cholelithiasis:
Condition of gallstones chol/e- gall lithiasis- presence of stones
72
Cirrhosis:
Chronic disease if the liver with degeneration of liver cells Cirrh/o-tawny, orange-yellow osis- abnormal condition
73
Colonic Polyposis:
Condition in which polyps protrude from the mucous membrane lining of the colon. Pertaining to abnormal condition of polyps in the colon colon/o- colon al- pertaining to ployp/o- polyp osis- abnormal condition
74
Diverticulosis:
Abnormal condition of small pouches or sacs in the wall of the intestine osis- abnormal conditon
75
Gastroesophageal reflux disease:
A condition in which contents of the stomach flow back to the esophagus
76
Hepatitis:
Inflammation of the liver
77
Inflammatory bowel disease:
Inflammation of the terminal portion of the ileum or inflammation of the colon.
78
Irritable bowel syndrome:
Signs and symptoms are cramping, abdominal bloating, constipation, and diarrhea
79
Hepatocellular carcinoma:
Cancer of the liver
80
Jaundice:
Yellow-orange coloration of the skin

Anatomy (14 decks)

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