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Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

What influences the processing of calcium by bone cells by reducing blood calcium levels and promoting conservation of hard bone matrix

A

Calcitonin

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2
Q

Regulation of high blood calcium levels:

A

High blood calcium level→ (Calcitonin secretion increase) → Breakdown of bone matrix decreases(Ca++ level in blood decreases) → Normal blood calcium level

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3
Q

Regulation of low blood calcium levels:

A

Low blood calcium level→ (Parathyroid hormone secretion increases) → Breakdown of bone matrix increases(Ca++ level in blood rises) → Normal blood calcium level

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4
Q

What are the 2 portions of the Adrenal glands?

A

Adrenal cortex: Composed of endocrine tissue
Adrenal medulla: Composed of neurosecretory tissue

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5
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system ?

A

Endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream. This lets the hormones travel to cells in other parts of the body. The endocrine hormones help control mood, growth and development, the way our organs work, metabolism , and reproduction.

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6
Q

Whats the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

A

Exocrine glands secrete substances into a ductal system to an epithelial surface

Endocrine glands secrete products directly into the bloodstream

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7
Q

How does the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system work?

A

Kidney: Drop in blood pressure triggers JGA to secrete renin → renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1→ Angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE) in lung capillaries converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 → Angiotensin 2 circulates to adrenal cortex and triggers secretion of aldosterone → Aldosterone causes kidney to retain sodium and water, thereby increase blood volume & pressure

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8
Q

What happens when your blood glucose is low?

A

Low blood glucose level → Glucose release by liver increases (increased glucagon secretion by pancreatic islets) → normal blood glucose level
Low blood glucose level →Glucose uptake by cells decreases (decreased Insulin secretion by pancreatic islets) → normal blood glucose

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9
Q

What happens when your blood glucose is high?

A

High blood glucose level →Glucose release by liver decreases(decreased glucagon secretion by pancreatic islets)→ normal blood glucose
High blood glucose level →Glucose uptake by cells increases (Increased Insulin secretion by pancreatic islets)→ normal blood glucose

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10
Q

What tends to increase blood glucose levels and to stimulate gluconeogenesis in liver cells?

A

Glucagon

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11
Q

What lowers the blood concentration of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids and promotes their metabolism by tissue cells

A

Insulin

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12
Q

What hormones is released by the Posterior Lobe of Pituitary?

A
  1. ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
  2. Oxytocin
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13
Q

Oxytocin (OT)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?

A
  • posterior pituitary
  • uterus, mammary glands
  • stimulates and intensifies uterine contractions during birth, and causes milk ejection
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14
Q

Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?

A
  • posterior pituitary gland
  • kidney tubules
  • water reabsorption
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15
Q

What is the adenohypophysis and what tissue is it made up of?

A

anterior pituitary
endocrine tissue

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16
Q

What 6 hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce and secrete?

A
  1. Thyroid stimulating hormone
  2. adrenocorticotropic hormone
  3. follicle stimulating hormone
  4. luteinizing hormone
  5. growth hormone
  6. prolactin
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17
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • thyroid
  • stims. the release of thyroid hormone (T3, T4)
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18
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • adrenal cortex
  • stims. the release of cortisols from the adrenal cortex
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19
Q

Follicle-Stimulating hormone (FSH)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • gonads (testis and ovaries)
  • Testis: spermatogenesis
  • Ovaries: development of ovarian follicles and estrogen development
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20
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • gonads (tesis, ovaries)
  • Testis: stims. the release of testosterone
  • Ovaries: stims. ovulation and the release of progesterone
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21
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • all tissues
  • promotes the growth and development of body tissues and lipid metabolism
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22
Q

Prolactin (PRL)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • mammary glands
  • Prepartum: prepares the breasts for milk production- Postpartum: stimulates milk production
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23
Q

What hormones are released by the Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)?

A

1.Insulin
2.Glucagon

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24
Q

Where is the Pituitary Gland located?

A

Located on the ventral surface of the brain within the skull

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25
What are the tropic hormones?
1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 3. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 4. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
26
What is the function of Neurohypophysis?
Serves as a storage and release site for antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT)
27
What 2 hormones does the thyroid produce and secrete?
1. thyroid hormone 2. calcitonin
28
T3 (Triiodothyronine) - What gland secretes it? - What it's target tissue? - What's it's principle function?
- thyroid - most tissues - along with T4, it stims. and controls BMR, growth and development
29
T4 (Thyroxine, Tetraiodothyronine) - What gland secretes it? - What it's target tissue? - What's it's principle function?
- thyroid - most tissues - along with T3, it stims. and controls BMR, growth and development
30
Calcitonin (CT) - What gland secretes it? - What it's target tissue? - What's it's principle function?
- thyroid - bone tissue - reduces blood calcium levels
31
How does calcitonin lower blood calcium levels?
- works opposite to PTH 1. Inhibits the activity of osteoclasts and increases the activity of osteoblasts 2. Decreasing the retention of Ca++ in the kidneys
32
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) - What gland secretes it? - What it's target tissue? - What's it's principle function?
- parathyroids - bone, intestines, kidneyes - increases blood calcium levels
33
What 3 hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?
1. Aldosterone 2. Cortisol 3. Androgens
34
Aldosterone - What gland secretes it? - What type of hormone is it? - What it's target tissue? - What's it's principle function?
- the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex - mineralcorticoid - Mostly kidneys - Increase blood sodium lvls and BP (blood vol)
35
Cortisol (Cortisone, Corticosterone) - What gland secretes it? - What type of hormone is it? - What it's target tissue? - What's it's principle function?
- the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex - glucocorticoid - all tissues - stress response, increase blood glucose lvls by initiating gluconeogenesis
36
Androgens - What gland secretes it? - What type of hormone is it? - What it's target tissue? - What's it's principle function?
- the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex - gonadocorticoid - gonads - Stimulates puberty, and helps produce sex hormones
37
What helps to regulate the metabolic rate of all cells, cell growth, and tissue differentiation; it is said to have a “general” target?
Thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)
38
What is produced by the Thyroid gland in the parafollicular cells?
Calcitonin (CT)
39
What is is an antagonist to calcitonin and the primary hormone that maintains calcium homeostasis?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
40
What are the 3 distinct layers of secreting cells that compose the adrenal cortex?
Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis
41
What is the function of the Zona glomerulosa?
Outer layer Secretes aldosterone: increase blood pressure (controls sodium electrolyte)
42
What is the function of the Zona fasciculata
Middle layer Secretes cortisol Metabolism of glucose, proteins, and fat
43
What is the function of the Zona reticularis
Inner layer Secretes steroid hormone: testosterone
44
What are the Adrenal Hormones:
Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids
45
What hormones play an important role in the processing of electrolytes in the body?
Adrenal Hormones:Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids
46
Aldosterone:
Only physiologically important mineralocorticoid in the human body Increases water retention and promotes loss of potassium and hydrogen ions
47
Glucocorticoids:
Main glucocorticoids secreted by the zona fasciculata are cortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone; cortisol is the only one secreted in significant quantities
48
What 2 neurotransmitters does the adrenal medulla release?
1. epinephrine (adrenaline) 2. norepinephrine
49
Epinephrine - What gland releases it? - What it's target tissue? - What's it's principle function?
- adrenal medulla - all tissues - stims. fight-or-flight response to stress, affects metabolism, heart rate and energy output
50
Norepinephrine (NE) - What gland releases it? - What it's target tissue? - What's it's principle function?
- adrenal medulla - all tissues - stims. fight-or-flight response to stress, affects metabolism, heart rate and energy outpu
51
Pancreatic Islets tissues & cells?
It is composed of endocrine and exocrine tissues Each islet contains five primary types of endocrine cells joined by gap junctions: Alpha cells (α cells) Beta cells (β cells) Delta cells (δ cells) Pancreatic polypeptide cells (F or PP cells) Epsilon cells (ε cells)
52
What is the function of the Alpha cells (α cells) ?
2nd most frequent Secretes glucagon: breakdown of glycogen
53
What is the function of the Beta cells (β cells)?
most common Secretes insulin throughout the body
54
What is the function of the Delta cells (δ cells)?
Secretes somatostatin: prevent the release of pancreatic hormones, including insulin, glucagon and gastrin, and pancreatic enzymes.
55
What are the Pancreatic Hormones and what are their functions?
Glucagon: Tends to increase blood glucose levels and to stimulate gluconeogenesis in liver cells Insulin: Lowers the blood concentration of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids and promotes their metabolism by tissue cells
56
Melatonin - What gland secretes it ?- What it's target tissue? - What's it's principle function?
- pineal gland - many tissues - regulates circadian rhythm
57
Testosterone - What gland secretes it? - What it's target tissue? - What's it's principle function?
- male gonads (testis) - male reproductive organs - the principal male sex hormone, it promotes sperm maturation, development of male secondary sex characteristics
58
What 2 main hormones do the ovaries secrete?
1. Estrogens 2. Progesterones
59
ACTH:
Adrenocorticotrpic hormone
60
DM:
Diabetes Mellitus
61
GTT:
Glucose tolerance test
62
HbA1c:
Hemoglobin A1c
63
K+ :
potassium
64
Na+ :
Sodium
65
T3:
Triiodothyronine
66
T4:
Thyroxine
67
TSH:
Thyroid stimulating hormone
68
Adrenopathy:
Disease of the Adrenal Gland
69
Adrenalectomy:
surgical removal of adrenal gland
70
hypophyseal:
pertaining to pituitary gland
71
Oophoritis:
Inflammation of ovary
72
Ovarian Cyst:
Ovary without sac of fluid ovari/o- ovary an- without cyst/o- sac of fluid
73
Orchitis:
inflammation of testis Orch/o- testes of testis itis- inflammation
74
Orchiopexy:
surgical fixation of testis Orchi/o- testis, testes Pexy- surgical fixation
75
Orchidectomy:
surgical removal of testicles orchid/o- testis, testes ectomy- surgical removal
76
Pancreatectomy:
surgical removal of pancreas Pancreat/o- pancreas ectomy- surgical removal
77
Hyperparathyroidism:
Condition of too much parathyroid hormones
78
Hypopituitarism:
condition of too little pituitary gland hormones
79
Thyroadenitis:
Inflammation of thyroid gland thyr/o- thyroid aden/o- gland itis- inflammation
80
Thyroidectomy:
Surgical removal of thyroid gland Thyroid/o- thyroid gland Ectomy- surgal removal
81
Acromegaly:
Enlargement of extremities caused by hyper-secretion from anterior portion of the pituitary gland after puberty. Acr/o- extremities Megaly- enlargement
82
Crushing Syndrome:
Group of clinical features produced by excess secretion of cortisol.
83
Diabetes mellitus:
Disorder of the pancreas that causes an increase in glucose levels
84
Goiter:
Enlargement of the thyroid gland
85
Hyperthyroidism:
condition of increased activity of thyroid gland hyper- increased, excessive thyroid/o- thyroid gland ism- condition
86
Fasting blood sugar glucose test:
Measurement of glucose levels in blood taken from fasting patient.
87
Serum and urine tests:
Measurement of hormones, electrolytes, and glucose levels in blood and urine as indicators of endocrine function.
88
Thyroid function test:
Measurement of levels of T4, T3, and TSH in bloodstream.
89
Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) - What gland secretes it? - What it's target tissue? - What's it's principle function?
- posterior pituitary gland - kidney tubules - water reabsorption

Anatomy (14 decks)

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