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Anatomy > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What influences the processing of calcium by bone cells by reducing blood calcium levels and promoting conservation of hard bone matrix

A

Calcitonin

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2
Q

Regulation of high blood calcium levels:

A

High blood calcium level→ (Calcitonin secretion increase) → Breakdown of bone matrix decreases(Ca++ level in blood decreases) → Normal blood calcium level

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3
Q

Regulation of low blood calcium levels:

A

Low blood calcium level→ (Parathyroid hormone secretion increases) → Breakdown of bone matrix increases(Ca++ level in blood rises) → Normal blood calcium level

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4
Q

What are the 2 portions of the Adrenal glands?

A

Adrenal cortex: Composed of endocrine tissue
Adrenal medulla: Composed of neurosecretory tissue

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5
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system ?

A

Endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream. This lets the hormones travel to cells in other parts of the body. The endocrine hormones help control mood, growth and development, the way our organs work, metabolism , and reproduction.

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6
Q

Whats the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

A

Exocrine glands secrete substances into a ductal system to an epithelial surface

Endocrine glands secrete products directly into the bloodstream

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7
Q

How does the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system work?

A

Kidney: Drop in blood pressure triggers JGA to secrete renin → renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1→ Angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE) in lung capillaries converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 → Angiotensin 2 circulates to adrenal cortex and triggers secretion of aldosterone → Aldosterone causes kidney to retain sodium and water, thereby increase blood volume & pressure

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8
Q

What happens when your blood glucose is low?

A

Low blood glucose level → Glucose release by liver increases (increased glucagon secretion by pancreatic islets) → normal blood glucose level
Low blood glucose level →Glucose uptake by cells decreases (decreased Insulin secretion by pancreatic islets) → normal blood glucose

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9
Q

What happens when your blood glucose is high?

A

High blood glucose level →Glucose release by liver decreases(decreased glucagon secretion by pancreatic islets)→ normal blood glucose
High blood glucose level →Glucose uptake by cells increases (Increased Insulin secretion by pancreatic islets)→ normal blood glucose

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10
Q

What tends to increase blood glucose levels and to stimulate gluconeogenesis in liver cells?

A

Glucagon

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11
Q

What lowers the blood concentration of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids and promotes their metabolism by tissue cells

A

Insulin

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12
Q

What hormones is released by the Posterior Lobe of Pituitary?

A
  1. ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
  2. Oxytocin
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13
Q

Oxytocin (OT)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?

A
  • posterior pituitary
  • uterus, mammary glands
  • stimulates and intensifies uterine contractions during birth, and causes milk ejection
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14
Q

Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?

A
  • posterior pituitary gland
  • kidney tubules
  • water reabsorption
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15
Q

What is the adenohypophysis and what tissue is it made up of?

A

anterior pituitary
endocrine tissue

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16
Q

What 6 hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce and secrete?

A
  1. Thyroid stimulating hormone
  2. adrenocorticotropic hormone
  3. follicle stimulating hormone
  4. luteinizing hormone
  5. growth hormone
  6. prolactin
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17
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • thyroid
  • stims. the release of thyroid hormone (T3, T4)
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18
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • adrenal cortex
  • stims. the release of cortisols from the adrenal cortex
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19
Q

Follicle-Stimulating hormone (FSH)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • gonads (testis and ovaries)
  • Testis: spermatogenesis
  • Ovaries: development of ovarian follicles and estrogen development
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20
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • gonads (tesis, ovaries)
  • Testis: stims. the release of testosterone
  • Ovaries: stims. ovulation and the release of progesterone
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21
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • all tissues
  • promotes the growth and development of body tissues and lipid metabolism
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22
Q

Prolactin (PRL)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?

A
  • anterior pituitary
  • mammary glands
  • Prepartum: prepares the breasts for milk production- Postpartum: stimulates milk production
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23
Q

What hormones are released by the Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)?

A

1.Insulin
2.Glucagon

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24
Q

Where is the Pituitary Gland located?

A

Located on the ventral surface of the brain within the skull

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25
Q

What are the tropic hormones?

A
  1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  3. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  4. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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26
Q

What is the function of Neurohypophysis?

A

Serves as a storage and release site for antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT)

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27
Q

What 2 hormones does the thyroid produce and secrete?

A
  1. thyroid hormone
  2. calcitonin
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28
Q

T3 (Triiodothyronine)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?

A
  • thyroid
  • most tissues
  • along with T4, it stims. and controls BMR, growth and development
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29
Q

T4 (Thyroxine, Tetraiodothyronine)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?

A
  • thyroid
  • most tissues
  • along with T3, it stims. and controls BMR, growth and development
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30
Q

Calcitonin (CT)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?

A
  • thyroid
  • bone tissue
  • reduces blood calcium levels
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31
Q

How does calcitonin lower blood calcium levels?

A
  • works opposite to PTH
  1. Inhibits the activity of osteoclasts and increases the activity of osteoblasts
  2. Decreasing the retention of Ca++ in the kidneys
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32
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?

A
  • parathyroids
  • bone, intestines, kidneyes
  • increases blood calcium levels
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33
Q

What 3 hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A
  1. Aldosterone
  2. Cortisol
  3. Androgens
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34
Q

Aldosterone
- What gland secretes it?
- What type of hormone is it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?

A
  • the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex
  • mineralcorticoid
  • Mostly kidneys
  • Increase blood sodium lvls and BP (blood vol)
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35
Q

Cortisol (Cortisone, Corticosterone)
- What gland secretes it?
- What type of hormone is it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?

A
  • the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex
  • glucocorticoid
  • all tissues
  • stress response, increase blood glucose lvls by initiating gluconeogenesis
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36
Q

Androgens
- What gland secretes it?
- What type of hormone is it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?

A
  • the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex
  • gonadocorticoid
  • gonads
  • Stimulates puberty, and helps produce sex hormones
37
Q

What helps to regulate the metabolic rate of all cells, cell growth, and tissue differentiation; it is said to have a “general” target?

A

Thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)

38
Q

What is produced by the Thyroid gland in the parafollicular cells?

A

Calcitonin (CT)

39
Q

What is is an antagonist to calcitonin and the primary hormone that maintains calcium homeostasis?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

40
Q

What are the 3 distinct layers of secreting cells that compose the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

41
Q

What is the function of the Zona glomerulosa?

A

Outer layer
Secretes aldosterone: increase blood pressure (controls sodium electrolyte)

42
Q

What is the function of the Zona fasciculata

A

Middle layer
Secretes cortisol
Metabolism of glucose, proteins, and fat

43
Q

What is the function of the Zona reticularis

A

Inner layer
Secretes steroid hormone: testosterone

44
Q

What are the Adrenal Hormones:

A

Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids

45
Q

What hormones play an important role in the processing of electrolytes in the body?

A

Adrenal Hormones:Mineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids

46
Q

Aldosterone:

A

Only physiologically important mineralocorticoid in the human body
Increases water retention and promotes loss of potassium and hydrogen ions

47
Q

Glucocorticoids:

A

Main glucocorticoids secreted by the zona fasciculata are cortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone; cortisol is the only one secreted in significant quantities

48
Q

What 2 neurotransmitters does the adrenal medulla release?

A
  1. epinephrine (adrenaline)
  2. norepinephrine
49
Q

Epinephrine
- What gland releases it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?

A
  • adrenal medulla
  • all tissues
  • stims. fight-or-flight response to stress, affects metabolism, heart rate and energy output
50
Q

Norepinephrine (NE)
- What gland releases it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?

A
  • adrenal medulla
  • all tissues
  • stims. fight-or-flight response to stress, affects metabolism, heart rate and energy outpu
51
Q

Pancreatic Islets tissues & cells?

A

It is composed of endocrine and exocrine tissues

Each islet contains five primary types of endocrine cells joined by gap junctions:
Alpha cells (α cells)
Beta cells (β cells)
Delta cells (δ cells)
Pancreatic polypeptide cells (F or PP cells)
Epsilon cells (ε cells)

52
Q

What is the function of the Alpha cells (α cells) ?

A

2nd most frequent
Secretes glucagon: breakdown of glycogen

53
Q

What is the function of the Beta cells (β cells)?

A

most common
Secretes insulin throughout the body

54
Q

What is the function of the Delta cells (δ cells)?

A

Secretes somatostatin: prevent the release of pancreatic hormones, including insulin, glucagon and gastrin, and pancreatic enzymes.

55
Q

What are the Pancreatic Hormones and what are their functions?

A

Glucagon: Tends to increase blood glucose levels and to stimulate gluconeogenesis in liver cells

Insulin: Lowers the blood concentration of glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids and promotes their metabolism by tissue cells

56
Q

Melatonin
- What gland secretes it
?- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?

A
  • pineal gland
  • many tissues
  • regulates circadian rhythm
57
Q

Testosterone
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?

A
  • male gonads (testis)
  • male reproductive organs
  • the principal male sex hormone, it promotes sperm maturation, development of male secondary sex characteristics
58
Q

What 2 main hormones do the ovaries secrete?

A
  1. Estrogens
  2. Progesterones
59
Q

ACTH:

A

Adrenocorticotrpic hormone

60
Q

DM:

A

Diabetes Mellitus

61
Q

GTT:

A

Glucose tolerance test

62
Q

HbA1c:

A

Hemoglobin A1c

63
Q

K+ :

A

potassium

64
Q

Na+ :

A

Sodium

65
Q

T3:

A

Triiodothyronine

66
Q

T4:

A

Thyroxine

67
Q

TSH:

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

68
Q

Adrenopathy:

A

Disease of the Adrenal Gland

69
Q

Adrenalectomy:

A

surgical removal of adrenal gland

70
Q

hypophyseal:

A

pertaining to pituitary gland

71
Q

Oophoritis:

A

Inflammation of ovary

72
Q

Ovarian Cyst:

A

Ovary without sac of fluid

ovari/o- ovary
an- without
cyst/o- sac of fluid

73
Q

Orchitis:

A

inflammation of testis

Orch/o- testes of testis
itis- inflammation

74
Q

Orchiopexy:

A

surgical fixation of testis

Orchi/o- testis, testes
Pexy- surgical fixation

75
Q

Orchidectomy:

A

surgical removal of testicles

orchid/o- testis, testes
ectomy- surgical removal

76
Q

Pancreatectomy:

A

surgical removal of pancreas

Pancreat/o- pancreas
ectomy- surgical removal

77
Q

Hyperparathyroidism:

A

Condition of too much parathyroid hormones

78
Q

Hypopituitarism:

A

condition of too little pituitary gland hormones

79
Q

Thyroadenitis:

A

Inflammation of thyroid gland

thyr/o- thyroid
aden/o- gland
itis- inflammation

80
Q

Thyroidectomy:

A

Surgical removal of thyroid gland

Thyroid/o- thyroid gland
Ectomy- surgal removal

81
Q

Acromegaly:

A

Enlargement of extremities caused by hyper-secretion from anterior portion of the pituitary gland after puberty.

Acr/o- extremities
Megaly- enlargement

82
Q

Crushing Syndrome:

A

Group of clinical features produced by excess secretion of cortisol.

83
Q

Diabetes mellitus:

A

Disorder of the pancreas that causes an increase in glucose levels

84
Q

Goiter:

A

Enlargement of the thyroid gland

85
Q

Hyperthyroidism:

A

condition of increased activity of thyroid gland

hyper- increased, excessive
thyroid/o- thyroid gland
ism- condition

86
Q

Fasting blood sugar glucose test:

A

Measurement of glucose levels in blood taken from fasting patient.

87
Q

Serum and urine tests:

A

Measurement of hormones, electrolytes, and glucose levels in blood and urine as indicators of endocrine function.

88
Q

Thyroid function test:

A

Measurement of levels of T4, T3, and TSH in bloodstream.

89
Q

Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
- What gland secretes it?
- What it’s target tissue?
- What’s it’s principle function?

A
  • posterior pituitary gland
  • kidney tubules
  • water reabsorption

Anatomy (14 decks)

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