Tissues

Question 1

Histology:

Answer 1

Systematic study of tissue types

Question 2

Pathology:

Answer 2

Study of causes and effects of diseases

Question 3

Main tool is Hematoxylin and Eosin stain (H&E):

Answer 3

• Nuclei- Blue
• Cytoplasm- Red

Question 4

Epithelium Function

Answer 4

Covering
Lining
Glandular

Question 5

What is Epithelium Classified by?

Answer 5

Arrangement
Morphology

Question 6

Epithelium Blood supply:

Answer 6

Avascular (no blood supply) –sits on basement membrane which aids in nutrient and waste exchange

Question 7

What are the 2 types of glandular in the Epithelium and their functions:

Answer 7

Exocrine:Secrete substances into ducts which empty onto epithelial surfaces

Endocrine: Secrete substances that diffuse into bloodstream (no ducts)

Question 8

Simple meaning:

Answer 8

One layer of cells

Question 9

Stratified meaning:

Answer 9

More than one layer of cells

Question 10

Squamous meaning:

Answer 10

Cells are wider than tall (plate-like) – “squashed”

Question 11

Cuboidal meaning:

Answer 11

Cuboidal—cells are as wide as tall, like cubes

Question 12

Columnar meaning:

Answer 12

Columnar—cells are taller than they are wide, like columns

Question 13

Simple squamous Epithelium Location and function:

Answer 13

Function: diffusion & filtration
Location: kidney glomeruli, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels

Question 14

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Location and function:

Answer 14

Function: secretion & absorption
Location: Kidney tubules

Question 15

Simple columnar Epithelium Location and function:

Answer 15

Function: absorption & secretion
Location: Stomach, intestines, gallbladder, uterus

Question 16

Pseudo-stratified columnar Epithelium Location and function:

Answer 16

Function: secretion
Location: trachea

Question 17

Stratified squamous Epithelium Location and function:

Answer 17

Function: protection
Location: esophagus, mouth, urethra, epidermis

Question 18

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Location and function:

Answer 18

Function: protection
Location: largest ducts if sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands

Question 19

Stratified Columnar Epithelium Location and function:

Answer 19

Function: protection & secretion
Location: male urethra

Question 20

Transitional Epithelium Location and function:

Answer 20

Function: stretches
Location: lines the ureters, bladder and parts of urethra

Question 21

Connective Tissue Function:

Answer 21

Connective Tissue is the most diverse and abundant tissue type. Connective tissue makes up a variety of physical structures including, tendons, blood, cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, and lymphatic tissue.

Question 22

Main classes of Connective Tissue:

Answer 22

Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood

Question 23

Connective Tissue Terminology:

Answer 23

BLAST: roughly meansimmaturecell or tissue and isinvolved in making something, in this case, the matrix.

CYTE: means CELL and is maintaining or involved with the final product.

CLAST: Breakdown the extracellular matrix in connective tissue.

Question 24

Cells found in Connective Tissue

Answer 24

Fibroblasts: cells in connective tissue that make fibrous proteins and secrete the molecules that form ground substances and collagen.

Chondroblasts: secrete matrix in cartilage (to make chondrocytes).

Osteoblasts: secrete matrix in bone to help create bone.

Blood cells: don’t produce matrix. In blood, the ECM is plasma.

Fat cells: energy storage, cushions, insulation

Question 25

What are the Structural Elements of Connective Tissue:

Answer 25

- Extracellular Matrix (ECM) - Ground Substances - Fibres

Question 26

Extracellular Matrix (ECM):

Answer 26

Ground substance that contains many different sugar-proteins and large sugars. Extracellular matrix is composed of ground substance (ranges from gel-like to hard in texture) and protein fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic). It provides cushioning and protection e.g. kidneys, which are surrounded by fat.

Question 27

Ground Substances of Connective Tissue:

Answer 27

Hyaluronic Acid: Polysaccharide that acts as a lubricant when rubbed and is sticky when touched. Proteoglycan: Protein and polysaccharide that traps water. Adhesive molecules: Hold Proteoglycan aggregates together. Are named with the suffix -nectin.

Question 28

Fibres of Connective Tissue

Answer 28

Collagen fibres: very strong, similar to a coiled rope of 3 polypeptide chains. Thickest and strongest of the 3 fibres. Reticular fibres: Very fine, short, branching collagen fibres. Not as strong as most collagen fibres, but networks of these fibres fill space between tissues and organs. Found in organs that have lots of mesh-like internal structure. The spleen for example is full of these and acts like a filter. Elastic fibres: stretch and recoil and contain a rubberlike protein called elastin, form a large, interwoven meshwork of spring-like molecules that extend through entire tissue.

Question 29

11 Classification of Connective Tissues:

Answer 29

1. Loose Connective Tissue- Areolar tissue 2. Adipose 3. Reticular 4. Dense Connective Tissue, Regular 5. Dense Fibrous, Irregular 6. Compact (Cortical)Bone 7. Cancellous Bone 8. Hyaline Cartilage 9. Fibrocartilage 10. Elastic Cartilage 11. Fluid

Question 30

Muscle Tissue Function:

Answer 30

- Movement

Question 31

What is muscle tissue classified by

Answer 31

- Morphology - Function

Question 32

Nervous Tissue Function:

Answer 32

Transmission of impulses

Question 33

What is Nervous tissue classified by

Answer 33

- Location - Morphology - Function

Question 34

What are Membranes

Answer 34

Body membranes are thin sheets of tissue that cover the body, line body cavities, and cover organs within the cavities in hollow organs. They can be categorized into epithelial and connective tissue membranes.

Question 35

What are the 6 types of Membranes:

Answer 35

1. Epithelial Membranes 2. Cutaneous Membrane 3. Mucous Membranes 4. Serous Membranes 5. Connective Tissue Membranes 6. Synovial Membranes

Question 36

Epithelial Membranes:

Answer 36

Epithelial membranes consist of epithelial tissue and the connective tissue to which it is attached. Cutaneous Mucous Serous

Question 37

Cutaneous Membrane:

Answer 37

Cutaneous membrane=skin. Primary role is to help protect the rest of the body’s tissues and organs from physical damage such as abrasions, chemical and biological damage.

Question 38

Mucous Membranes:

Answer 38

Mucous membranes are epithelial membranes that consist of epithelial tissue that is attached to an underlying loose connective tissue. These membranes, sometimes called mucosae, line the body cavities that open to the outside. The entire digestive tract is lined with mucous membranes. Other examples include the respiratory, excretory, and reproductive tracts.

Question 39

Serous Membranes:

Answer 39

Serous membranes line body cavities that do not open directly to the outside, and they cover the organs located in those cavities. Serous membranes are covered by a thin layer of serous fluid that is secreted by the epithelium. Serous fluid lubricates the membrane and reduces friction and abrasion when organs in the thoracic or abdominopelvic cavity move against each other or the cavity wall. Serous membranes have special names given according to their location. 1. Pleural 2. Pericardial 3. Peritoneal 4. (visceral and parietal)

Question 40

Connective Tissue Membranes

Answer 40

Connective tissue membranes contain only connective tissue. Synovial membranes and meninges belong to this category.

Question 41

Synovial Membranes

Answer 41

Synovial membranes are connective tissue membranes that line the cavities of the freely movable joints such as the shoulder, elbow, and knee. Like serous membranes, they line cavities that do not open to the outside. Unlike serous membranes, they do not have a layer of epithelium. Synovial membranes secrete synovial fluid into the joint cavity, and this lubricates the cartilage on the ends of the bones so that they can move freely and without friction.

Question 42

Meninges

Answer 42

The connective tissue covering on the brain and spinal cord, within the dorsal cavity, are called meninges. They provide protection for these vital structures.

Question 43

Different types of Tissue repair:

Answer 43

If a cell is unable to adapt to change, irreversible injury leads to cell death Necrosis- unprogrammed cell death Apoptosis- programmed cell death Autolysis- self-digestion Heterolysis- digestion from outside the cell

Question 44

Tissue Repair Phases:

Answer 44

Inflammation: Body’s natural response to trauma Proliferation: Rebuild with new healthy tissue Maturation: Remodeling and healing

Question 45

Acute Inflammation

Answer 45

1. Vascular dilatation 2. Endothelial activation 3. Neutrophil activation and migration

Question 46

Vascular dilatation

Answer 46

Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle leads to engorgement of tissue with blood (hyperaemia)

Question 47

Endothelial activation

Answer 47

Increased endothelial permeability allows plasma proteins to pass into tissues Expression of adhesion molecules on the endothelial surface mediates neutrophil adherence Production of factors that cause vascular dilatation e.g. Histamine (dilation), Serotonin (permeability)

Question 48

Healing by Fibrosis (scar formation):

Answer 48

- Substantial damage to the connective tissue framework and/or the tissue lacks the ability to regenerate specialized cells - Structural integrity is re-established (lacking specialized cells, usually architectural distortion)