Digestive Tract Flashcards
(154 cards)
1
Q
the chemical and/or mechanical breakdown of food into particles that individual cells of an animal can absorb.
A
Digestion
2
Q
includes all those processes by which an animal takes in, digests, absorbs, stores, and uses food (nutrients) to meet its metabolic needs.
A
Nutrition
3
Q
used for energy production or as sources for the “building blocks” of life
A
MACRONUTRIENTS
4
Q
needed in large quantities (CHO, lipids, needed in large quantities (CHO, lipids, proteins)
A
MACRONUTRIENTS
5
Q
CATEGORIES OF NUTRIENTS
A
MICRONUTRIENTS
MACRONUTRIENTS
6
Q
- used in enzymatic reactions or as part of certain proteins)
A
MICRONUTRIENTS
7
Q
-needed in small quantities (organic vitamins & inorganic minerals)
A
MICRONUTRIENTS
8
Q
TYPES OF DIGESTIVE STRUCTURES
A
COMPLETE DIGESTIVE TRACT
INCOMPLETE DIGESTIVE TRACT
9
Q
TYPES OF DIGESTION IN ANIMALS
A
INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION
EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION
10
Q
in protozoa, sponges, cnidarians, platyhelminthes, rotifers, bivalve molluscs, primitive chordates
A
INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION
11
Q
cells take in whole food particles from the env’t by diffusion, active transport, &/or endocytosis & break them down w/ enzymes to obtain nutrients
A
INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION
12
Q
in larger animals
A
EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION
13
Q
enzymatic breakdown of large pieces of food into constituent molecules, usually in a special organ or cavity
A
EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION
14
Q
in cnidarians, Planarian
A
INCOMPLETE DIGESTIVE TRACT
15
Q
gut composed of a closed/blind sac called gastrovascular cavity with one opening that is both the entrance & exit
A
INCOMPLETE DIGESTIVE TRACT
16
Q
with mouth as entrance for food & anus as exit for undigested food
A
COMPLETE DIGESTIVE TRACT
17
Q
the elimination from the body of undigested & unabsorbed material as waste
A
DEFECATION
18
Q
the passage of usable nutrient molecules from the small intestine into the blood stream & lymphatic system for the final passage to body cells
A
ABSORPTION
19
Q
the conversion of large nutrient particles or molecules into small particles or molecules
A
DIGESTION
20
Q
the release of hormones, enzymes, & specific ions & chemicals that take part in digestion
A
SECRETION
21
Q
the involuntary, sequential muscular contractions that move ingested nutrients along the digestive tract
A
PERISTALSIS
22
Q
covered by enamel
A
Teeth
23
Q
a strong muscular organ; food to bolus—–pushed to pharynx (throat
A
Tongue
24
Q
receiving chamber of food & as a ventilation chamber of lungs
A
Mouth/Oral /Buccal Cavity
25
contains salivary amylase called ptyalin for initial enzymatic digestion of carbohydrate
Saliva
26
secreted by 3 salivary glands; bathes the oral cavity; moistens food into a moist mass called bolus
Saliva
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contains salivary amylase called
ptyalin
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moistens food into a moist mass called
Bolus
29
The Reception Region
1. Mouth/Oral /Buccal Cavity
2. Alimentary canal
30
short tube that serves as common passageway for food & air
Pharynx/Throat
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for initial enzymatic digestion of carbohydrate
Saliva
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for mechanical digestion
Teeth
Toungue
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- short tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach
Esophagus
34
*_____ propel the bolus or liquid to the stomach
Peristalsis
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muscular, distensible sac
Stomach
36
an enlargement of the GI (gastrointestinal) -system
Stomach
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____ meets the gastric juice secreted by gastric glands
Chyme
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stores partially digested food (chyme--liquid form) involved in digestion
Stomach
39
activated at acid pH
Zymogens
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- inactive form of proteases stored in submucosa
Zymogens
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(a protease for initial digestion of protein)
pepsin
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Gastric juice
HCI
Pepsin
43
STRUCTURE OF THE STOMACH
cardiac region
body or fundus
pyloric region or pylorus
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anterior next to esophagus
cardiac region
45
regulates entry of food in stomach (by cardiac
sphincter)
cardiac region
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site for storage & digestion
body or fundus
47
- middle expanded part
body or fundus
48
secretes hormone gastrin w/c stimulates secretion of HC1 & permits passage of chyme into the duodenum (by pyloric sphincter)
pyloric region or pylorus
49
narrow posterior region
pyloric region or pylorus
50
- infoldings of stomach (rugged appearance); increase the surface area for digestion
Rugae/ruga
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-w/ gastric pits that lead to gastric glands
Mucosa
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- no distinguishing feature
Serosa/Adventitia
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- circular, longitudinal & inner oblique layer
Tunica muscularis/muscularis externa
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- w/ blood vessels & nerves
Submucosa
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-w/ inner circular & outer longitudinal muscles for contraction to discharge gastric juice
Muscularis mucosae/internae
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- dense connective tissue between gastric glands that secretes gastric juices
Lamina propria
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- coiled portion of the alimentary canal; smaller in diameter but longer in length than the large intestine
Small Intestine or Midgut
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2 parts of small intestine in frog
Duodenum
Ileum
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3 parts of small intestine in humans
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
60
short, wider anterior portion where most digestion takes place (complete digestion of proteins & carbo, partial digestion of lipids)
Duodenum
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- in some works; for discharge of feces only
Anus (cloacal opening)
62
bears an opening, the cloacal opening or vent that serves for the discharge of feces (semisolid mass of undigested food known as egesta), urine, eggs & sperm
Cloaca
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next to duodenum; absent in frog;
Jejunum
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also site for absorption
Jejunum
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longer, narrower posterior portion where most absorption takes place
Ileum
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- connects the duodenum, stomach & liver
Gastro-hepato-duodenal omentum or Lesser omentum
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ring of muscle that permits the passage of chyme into the duodenum
Pyloric sphincter
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increase the surface area for absorption
Villi
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fingerlike structures
Villi
70
Structures of the small intestine
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa/adventitia
71
Simple columnar epithelium
Mucosa
72
goblet cells - unicellular glands that secrete _____
mucin
73
fold extending to the valves of Kerkring called the
plia circularis or circular folds
74
dense connective tissue that holds blood vessels & nerves
submucosa
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outermost layer of loose connective tissue combined w/ simple squamous epithelium
Serosa or adventitia
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inner & thicker circular & outer, thinner longitudinal smooth muscles
Muscularis
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3 alkaline juices:
Bile
Pancreatic juice
Intestinal juice or succus entericus
78
function like detergent i.e., prevent clumping of fat droplets → increase surface area for pancreatic lipase attack
Bile
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contain bile salts
Bile
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secreted by liver
Bile
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secreted by pancreas; contains enzymes
Pancreatic juice
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(by intestinal mucus glands)
Intestinal juice or succus entericus
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Chyme or partially digested food meets _____
3 alkaline juices
84
Major Classes of Enzymes Produced by Pancreas
Lipases
Proteases
Carbohydrases
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Carbohydrates 》》》》》
monosacharrides
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(eg. amylases)
Carbohydrates
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digest carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
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eg. Trypsin, chymotrypsin
Proteases
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digest proteins
Proteases
90
Proteins 》》》》》
amino acids
91
Lipids →
fatty acids & glycerol
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digest lipids/fats
Lipases
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Transport Mechanisms:
Passive transport
Active transport
94
eg. fatty acids & glycerol
Passive Transport
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eg. fatty acids & glycerol
What kind of passive transport?
Simple diffusion
96
(absorbed via lacteals of villi leading to the lymphatic system)
Passive Transport
97
(absorbed via blood capillaries within villi)
Active transport
98
eg. Amino acids & monosacch absorbed by secondary active transport
Active transport
99
(carrier-mediated process)
Active transport
100
temporary stores undigested particles
of food (digesta)
Large Intestine (also called colon in human) or Rectum
101
a short, large tube posterior to the ileum
Large Intestine (also called colon in human) or Rectum
102
in lower vertebrates reabsorbs electrolytes & water produced by kidneys
Large Intestine
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80% of water is absorbed
Large Intestine
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food that enters contains mucus --- digested by enzymes carried from small intestine & by resident microorganisms
Large Intestine
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short narrow tube following the rectum of frogs
Cloaca
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semisolid mass of undigested food known as
egesta
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slow moving or completely sessile animals
Continuous feeders
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(eg. Aquatic suspension feeders tube worms & barnacles- remain in one place & continuously "strain" small food particles for water)
Continuous feeders
109
active, highly mobile animals (carnivores
& herbivores)
Discontinuous feeders
110
have more digestive specializations taking in large meals to be ground up or stored or both
Discontinuous feeders
111
sponges, many crustaceans, polychaetes, gastropods
SUSPENSION FEEDERS
112
-removal of suspended food particles from surrounding water by capturing, trapping or filtration structure.
SUSPENSION FEEDERS
113
intestinal nematodes, leeches, ticks, mosquitoes (blood suckers); butterflies, moths, aphids (pollen- & nectar feeders)
FLUID FEEDERS
114
-feed on biological fluids of animals (blood) & plants (pollen & nectar)
FLUID FEEDERS
115
omnivores (eg. annelids, some snails, some sea urchins, earthworms, sea cucumbers, clams) obtain nutrients from sediments of muds & sands or terrestrial soils
DEPOSIT FEEDERS
116
in endoparasitic protozoa & gastropods, cestode worms, crustaceans
SURFACE NUTRIENT ABSORPTION
117
directly absorb nutrients from external medium (sea water, body fluids, digestive tract's fluid) across their body surfaces
SURFACE NUTRIENT ABSORPTION
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in octopus, squid, shrimp, crab, sea star, spiders, many vertebrates
PREDATION
119
capture of live prey
PREDATION
120
consumption of plants; requires biting & chewing ability (teeth, radula in molluscs, mandible in arthropods)
HERBIVORY
121
produces & secretes bile that flows out through the hepatic ducts
Liver
122
large, reddish brown 2-lobed organ
Liver
123
secretes saliva
Salivary glands
124
oblong, creamy white or yellowish structure lying in the gastro-duodenal omentum
Pancreas
125
traversed by bile duct where pancreatic juice flows
Pancreas
126
spherical sac that stores the bile secreted by the liver
Gall bladder
127
3 Salivary glands
parotid gland
submandibular gland
Sublingual gland
128
(carnivores & herbivores)
Discontinuous feeders
129
flask shaped identification called
goblet
130
the innermost, lining tissue is thrown into folds towards the lumen, forming fingelike structures called the
valves of Kerkring
131
Submucosa, - This consists of a layer of dense, irregular connective issue, forming a mat that holds the blood vessels and nerves. It extends in the valve of Kerkring, forming a fold, the ______
plica circularis
132
What tissue of submucosa in small intestine?
dense, irregular connective tissue
133
What kind of tissue of Mucosa in small intestine?
Simple columnar epithelium
134
2 layers of Muscularis
Longitudinal layer
Circular
135
What kind of tissue of Serosa in small intestine?
Simple squamous epithelium
loose connective tissue
136
(the visceral peritoneum of gross anatomy).
Serosa
137
Each gastric pit leads to a ______, which lies in the next layer.
gastric gland
138
has several invasinations forming tubular depressions called ____
gastric pits
139
has several invasinations forming tubular depressions called gastric pits.
Mucosa
140
What kind of tissue of Lamina propia in stomach?
Dense connective tissue
141
What kind of tissue of submucosa in stomach?
Dense connective tissue
142
liver is a composed of polygonal epithelial cells called
hepatocytes
143
The liver is a composed of polygonal epithelial cells called hepatocytes, which are arranged in lobules that are separated by spaces called _____.
sinusoids
144
Interpersed in the liver tissue are congregations of blood vessels and a bile duct bound by loose connective tissue, and which are known as
portal areas
145
Each portal area contains _______, accompanied by a ______, a ______, and a _____ forming a triad, the _____,
large hepatic portal vein
hepatic arteriole
hepatic venule
bile duct
portal triad
146
What kind of tissue in bile duct?
Loose connective tissue
147
–unicellular glands that
secrete mucin
goblet cells
148
types of digestion in animals
intracellular
extracellular
149
types of digestive structures
incomplete
complete
150
the reception region
oral cavity
alimentary canal
151
strorage region
stomach
152
the digestive and absorptive region
small intestine
153
excretion and water absorption region
large intestine
154
enzymed produced by pancreas
carbohydrates
protease
lipase
