Nervous System And Sensory Receptors Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
Q
Enables the body to respond and adapt to changes both inside and out (communication)
A
Nervous system
2
Q
Integrates and coordinates all activities of the body
A
Nervous system
3
Q
Information flow through the nervous system has 3 main steps:
A
• Processing of info from outside & inside the body (sensory activities)
• Processing of this info in the nervous system
• The initiation of appropriate responses
4
Q
2 Forms of Communication in Animals
A
Neurons
Hormones
5
Q
slower; chemical signals that initiate a widespread, prolonged response, often in a variety of tissue
A
Hormones
6
Q
transmit electrical signals that report info or initiate a quick response in a specific tissue
A
Neurons
7
Q
Chemical messengers
A
Hormones
8
Q
chemical that secrete by diff. animals that can attract other animals
A
pheromones
9
Q
e.g menstrual cycle
A
hormones
10
Q
Invertebrates Nervous System
A
No nervous system
Nerve nets (Radial nervous system)
Bilateral Nervous system
11
Q
coordination and reaction to external and internal stimuli with the aid of some structures such as cilia or flagella
A
No nervous system
12
Q
-more complex since they have nerve rings and nerves extending into various parts of the body
A
Starfish
13
Q
(eg. Protozoa and Sponges)
A
No nervous system
14
Q
is present and responses are generally slow and imprecise
A
no CNS
15
Q
a latticework that conducts impulses from one to another
A
Nerve nets (Radial nervous system)
16
Q
characteristic of radially symmetrical animals
A
Nerve nets (Radial nervous system)
17
Q
no CNS is present and responses are generally slow and imprecise
A
Nerve nets (Radial nervous system)
18
Q
found also in Echinoderms
A
Nerve nets (Radial nervous system)
19
Q
found in Cnidarians (jellyfish, hydras, sea anemones)
A
Nerve nets (Radial nervous system)
20
Q
nerve cells concentrate to form nerves, nerve cords, ganglia (primitive brain) and a brain (in complex animals)
A
Bilateral Nervous system
21
Q
found in flatworms, roundworms, crustaceans, insects, spiders and other arthropods
A
Bilateral Nervous system
22
Q
characteristic of bilaterally symmetrical animals
A
Bilateral Nervous system
23
Q
language (signal) of a neuron is the
A
nerve impulse or action potential
24
Q
functional unit of nervous system
A
Neurons
25
Neurons can be transmitted in 2 ways:
Electric Synapses
Chemical Synapses
26
directly from neuron to neuron
Electrical Synapses
27
Provide fast, synchronized, and two-way transmission of information.
Electrical Synapses
28
Communication via gap junctions between smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and some neurons of the CNS.
Electrical Synapses
29
[Electrical Synapses] Communication via _____ between smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and some neurons of the CNS.
gap junctions
30
Communication via chemical neurotransmitters (e.g. acetylcholine, adrenalin) that diffuse across synaptic cleft.
Chemical Synapses
31
Provides slow one-way information flow
Chemical Synapses
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[Chemical Synapses] Communication via chemical ________ (e.g. acetylcholine, adrenalin) that diffuse across synaptic cleft. Provides s/ow one-way information flow
neurotransmitters
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example of neurotransmitters
acetylcholine
adrenalin
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- the point at which a nerve impulse passes from one neuron to another;
Synapses
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also called neural junction
Synapses
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Synapses also called
neural junction
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specialized to produce signals that can be communicated from one part of an animal's body to another
nervous system
38
3 principal parts of Neurons
Cell body
dendrites
Axon
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- long cylindrical process that conducts signals away from the cell body;
axon
40
myelinated or unmyelinated
axon
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- thread-like extensions of the cell body that conduct signals toward the cell body;
dendrites
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typically short, highly branched & unmyelinated
dendrites
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- has central nucleus
cell body
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Increase speed of nerve impulse
Myelination
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Insulation of axon
Myelination
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2 communication system
Nervous system
Endocrine system
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composed of receptor or sensory that receives infor or stimuli from the environment either the body or cells within the body
Sensory
48
is brain and spinal cord
is everything else
CNS
PNS
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(involuntary): sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
ANS
50
Organization of the Nervous System
CNS
PNS
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[Effectors] Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands and adipose tissue
ANS
52
[Effectors] Skeletal muscle
SNS
53
Somatic motor neurons (voluntary)
SNS
54
Enteric motor neurons (involuntary) in enteric plexuses
ENS
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[Effectors] Smooth muscle, glands, and endocrine cells of Gl tract
ENS
56
Motor neurons in SNS
Somatic motor neurons
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Motor neurons in ANS
Automic motor neurons
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Motor neurons in ENS
Enteric motor neurons
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Major Structures of the Vertebrate Nervous System
CNS
PNS
60
Parts of Central Nervous System (CNS)
Brain
spinal cord
61
Part of PNS
cranial nerves
spinal nerves
ganglia
enteric plexuses
sensory receptors
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- connecting link bet the brain & most of the body
spinal cord
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involved in spinal reflex action
spinal cord
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-innermost
Pia mater
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-middle
Arachnoid mater
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-outermost
Dura mater
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Layers of the Brain's Meninges
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
68
nerves sa digestive tract
enteric plexuses
69
- site of information processing
Central nervous system
70
= myelinated processes (white in color)
White matter
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= nerve cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, bundles of unmyelinated axons and neuroglia (gray color)
Gray matter
72
= a thin outer shell of gray matter covers the surface & is found in clusters called nuclei inside the CNS
In the brain
73
= gray matter forms an H-shaped inner core surrounded by white matter
In the spinal cord
74
Brain divides into:
Forebrain (prosencephalon)
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
75
continuous w/ the spinal cord;
includes the medulla oblongata,
cerebellum & pons
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
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thickened region of the gray matter
that integrates visual & auditory
signals
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
77
contains the cerebrum, pineal & pituitary glands, hypothalamus & thalamus
Forebrain (prosencephalon)
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-at the base and the back of the brain;
cerebellum
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responsible for coordination and balance.
cerebellum
80
- cluster of structures in the center of the brain;
basal ganglia
81
coordinate messages between multiple other brain areas.
basal ganglia
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- between the spinal cord and the rest of the brain;
brain stem
83
basic functions like like breathing and sleep are controlled here
brain stem
84
- outermost layer of brain cell;
cortex
85
thinking and voluntary movements begins
cortex
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(largest part of brain)
Cerebrum
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- has 2 hemispheres
Cerebrum
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4 lobes
Frontal lobes
Parietal lobes
Temporal lobes
Occipital lobes
89
contain the brain's visual processing system.
Occipital lobes
90
are involved with memory and hearing
Temporal lobes
91
manage sensation, handwriting, and body position, navigation
Parietal lobes
92
are responsible for problem solving and judgment and motor function.
Frontal lobes
93
Responsible for regulating largely unconscious functions such as breathing and circulation
Medulla
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Involved in sleep and arousal
Pons
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Structure that coordinates fine muscle movement, balance
Cerebellum
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Hindbrain:
Cerebellum
Medulla
Pons
97
Forebrain:
Cerebrum
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
98
Relay center for cortex; handles incoming and outgoing signals
Thalamus
99
Part of limbic system involved in emotion and aggression
Amygdala
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Responsible for regulating basic biological needs: hunger, thirst, temperature control
Hypothalamus
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Part of limbic system involved in emotion and aggression
Amygdala
102
Responsible for regulating basic biological needs: hunger, thirst, temperature control
Hypothalamus
103
"Master" gland that regulates other endocrine glands
Pituitary gland
104
Responsible for sensing, thinking, learning, emotion, consciousness, and voluntary movement
Cerebrum
105
Bridge of fibers passing information between the two cerebral hemispheres
Corpus callosum
106
involved in learning involved in learning d memory
Hippocampus
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Group of fibers that carry stimulation related to sleep and arousal through brainstem
Reticular formation
108
composed of all the nerves of the body outside the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
109
- number directly related to the number of segments in trunk & tail of a vertebrate; occur in pairs
Spinal nerves
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- 12 pairs in reptiles, birds & mammals; 10 pairs in fishes & amphibians
Cranial nerves
111
PNS composed of:
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
112
how many pairs in reptiles, birds & mammals;
12
113
how many pairs in fishes & amphibians
10
114
Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Somatic (voluntary) Nervous System
Αutonomic Nervous System (involuntary or visceral NS)
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- stimulates smooth & cardiac muscles & glands of the body
Αutonomiς Nervous System (involuntary or visceral NS)
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- relays commands to skeletal muscles
Somatic (voluntary) Nervous System
117
if the sympathetic system ____, the parasympathetic ____, and vice versa.
excites
inhibits
118
2 antagonistic parts of the autonomic nervous system:
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
119
- functions during relaxation
parasympathetic
120
- responsible for "fight-or-flight " response
sympathetic
121
- consists of cells that can convert environmental information (stimuli) to nerve impulses.
Sensory receptors
122
- sense changes in pressure
Baroreceptors
123
- respond to chemicals
Chemoreceptors
124
(eg. Avoidance to acid, alkali & salt stimuli by protozoa)
Chemoreceptors
125
(copepod crustaceans, ctenophores, jellyfish medusae, squids)
Baroreceptors
126
(eg. Burrowing invertebrates, planktonic animals)
Georeceptors
127
- respond to force of gravity; gives info about orientation
Georeceptors
128
eg. Insects -to control opening or closing of spiracles)
Hygroreceptors
129
detect the water content of air (moisture)
Hygroreceptors
130
- respond to sounds
Phonoreceptors
131
(insects, arachnids, centipedes)
Phonoreceptors
132
(chlorophyll in Euglena; ocelli in annelids, mollusks & arthropods; compound eyes in honeybees; & complex eyes in squids & octopuses)
Photoreceptors
133
sensitive to light
Photoreceptors
134
Euglena
Chlorophyll
135
Annelids, Mollusks, Arthropods
Ocelli
136
Octupeses and squids
Complex eyes
137
Honeybees
Compound eyes
138
- respond to temperature changes
Thermoreceptors
139
- generally derived from modifications of epithelial cells associated w/ sensory neurons (body surface)
Tactile receptors
140
- internal sense organs that respond to mechanically induced changes caused by stretching, compression, bending or tension
Proprioceptors
141
(in some arthropods)
Proprioceptors
142
(tube-dwelling polychaetes & web-building spiders)
Tactile receptors
143
(leeches & ticks, horseshoe crab)
Thermoreceptors
144
Invertebrates Sensory Receptors
Baroreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Georeceptors
Hygroreceptors
Phonoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Tactile receptors
Proprioceptors
145
- for olfaction (detection of smell) olfactory neurons in the roof of the nasal cavity
Smell receptors
146
- eyes of vertebrates are capable of forming visual images (vision)in the presence of light
Photoreceptors
147
- for gustation (detection of taste)
● chemoreceptors in the body surface or in mouth and throat
Taste receptors
148
- determine distance and depth
Sonar receptors
149
(in bats, shrews, whales, dolphins
Sonar receptors
150
- touch receptors, bare sensory nerve endings, Meissner's corpuscles, bulbs of Krause, Pacinian corpuscles, organs of Ruffini and vibrissae
Tactile receptors
151
- bare sensory nerve endings and the simplest vertebrate receptors
Thermoreceptors
152
(eg. Pit organs on each side of the face of some snakes)
Thermoreceptors
153
- bare sensory nerve endings that produce a painful or itching sensation
Pain receptors (nocireceptors)
154
- for hearing (auditory apparatus) and for posture and equilibrium (vestibular apparatus)
Ear
155
for posture and equilibrium
(vestibular apparatus)
156
- for electrical sensing found in the head of most fishes, some amphibians, and the platypus
Lateral-line system
157
for hearing
(auditory apparatus)
158
Vertebrate Sensory Receptors
Lateral-line system
Ear
Pain receptors(nocireceptors)
Thermoreceptors
Tactile receptors
Sonar receptors
Taste receptors
Photoreceptors
Smell receptors
