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A&P 106 > Discussion Unit 1 > Flashcards

Discussion Unit 1 Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

3 components of cardiovascular system + function

A

Blood - transports substances; Heart - pumps blood; Blood Vessels - transports blood

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2
Q

Components of blood w/ percentages

A

Plasma (55%) Buffy coat (less than 1%) Red blood cells (45%)

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3
Q

What are the components of blood made of

A

Plasma - Proteins (7%) water (91.5%) other solutes (1.5%); Buffy coat - white blood cells and platelets (cell fragments); Red blood cells - erythrocytes (RBC)

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4
Q

What is hematocrit

A

Percentage of Erythrocytes (RBC)

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5
Q

Internal factors of hematocrit

A

Sex and Age

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6
Q

External factors of hematocrit

A

Altitude (since a higher altitude means less O2, the body will make more RBC to use less O2 more efficiently )

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7
Q

Erythrocytes characteristic and function

A

Biconcave and nucleated, lifespan is 120 days, transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from tissues and lungs. Use hemoglobin. Removed by spleen, recycled by liver

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8
Q

Describe hemoglobin

A

Iron - containing, oxygen transport protein, in RBC

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9
Q

Leukocytes (White Blood Cells) characteristic and function

A

True cells (contain nucleus), 1.5-3 times larger, contain cellular organelles, no hemoglobin. Initiate immune response, can leave the blood vessels (diapedesis), attract to site of infection (chemotaxis)

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10
Q

5 types of Leukocytes

A

Granulocytes- neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil Agranulocytes- lymphocyte, monocyte

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11
Q

Granulocyte vs Agranulocyte

A

presence vs absence of visible organelles known as granules

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12
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • Granulocytes
  • Phagocytize bacteria
  • Most numerous
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13
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • Granulocytes
  • React to antibodies and allergens
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14
Q

Basophils

A
  • Granulocytes
  • Heparins (inhibits clotting)
  • Histamine (allergic)
  • Serotonin
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15
Q

Monocytes

A
  • Agranulocytes
  • Phagocytize bacteria, transform into wandering macrophages
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16
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • Mediate immune response
  • T-lymphocytes directly attack cells
  • B-lymphocytes develop plasma cells to secrete antibodies
  • Natural killer cells (NK cells) attack abnormal and infected tissue cells
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17
Q

Thrombocytes (Platelets) characteristic and function

A

Irregular, small, membrane-enclosed cellular fragments (from bone marrow), produced in red bone marrow by megakaryocytes, work with fibrin for blood clotting and coagulation (web of fibrin is produced and traps erythrocytes and platelets to stop blood blow)

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18
Q

Antigens

A

On surface of RBC (makes it specific)

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19
Q

Antibodies

A

Within blood plasma

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20
Q

If someone is type A, what antigen and antibody do they carry?

A

A-antigen and Anti-B antibody

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21
Q

What happens is a surface antigen comes in contact with an opposing antibody?

A

If a B-antigen were to come in contact with type A blood, the two would attract together and agglutination would occur - clumping and hemolysis (destruction of blood cells)

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22
Q

Rh+ vs Rh-

A

Rh+ - common, can interact with Rh-, have Rh antigens
Rh- - rare, cannot interact with Rh+, lack Rh antigens

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23
Q

Rh effect on pregnancy/blood transfusions?

A

Only in Rh- people, if mother gets pregnant with Rh+ baby first time around, mother will build up anti-Rh- antibodies (to fight Rh), and will keep those antibodies after pregnancy, if pregnant again with another Rh+ baby, those already existing antibodies will attack the baby in second pregnancy

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24
Q

Who can donate to who?

A

Type O - universal donor
Type AB - universal acceptor

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25
Most common and least common blood type?
Type O and Type AB
26
3 components of plasma (ECF)
Water (92%) - facilitates transport, Proteins (7%), Solutes (1.5%) - regulate pH
27
Albumins (Plasma protein)
Regulate water transfer between the blood and interstitial fluid (pH, blood pressure, viscosity)
28
Globulins (Plasma protein)
Includes immunoglobulins (antibodies), which attack foreign pathogens
29
Fibrinogen (Plasma protein)
Responsible for blood clot formation
30
Regulatory proteins (Plasma protein)
Enzymes and hormones
31
Sickle Cell Anemia
- Hereditary blood disorder - Cell has sickle shape instead of circle (hemoglobin is distorted - decrease O2 flow) - Connection with malaria (can protect from malaria, places were malaria is more common have higher sickle cell genes) - Managements: bone marrow transfusion, transfusion therapy
32
Hemophilia
- Hereditary blood disorder - Carried on X chromosome so usually males have it and females carry gene without expressing it - Blood clot disorder (insufficient amount) - Managements: supplemental clotting factors, trying not to bleed
33
Arteries
Carry blood away from heart, oxygen rich (reason for red)
34
Veins
Carry blood towards heart, oxygen poor (reason for blue)
35
Capillary bed
Allows for exchange between blood and tissues, exchange O2 and nutrients
36
Great vessels
Arteries and veins directly connected to heart
37
Cardiac muscle tissue histology
Striated, one central nucleus, branching pattern of cells, intercalated discs (gap junctions that allow for rapid communication)
38
Heart anatomy overview
Fist-sized, conical shape, left of midline, posterior to sternum, inside pericardial cavity (which is in the mediastinum), right side is more anterior
39
Pericardium
encloses heart
40
Mediastinum
encloses pericardium
41
Pleural
encloses lungs
42
Base of heart
superior
43
Apex
pointed end, inferior, sits on diaphragm
44
Fibrous pericardium
sac of fibrous CT that envelopes heart , prevents overfilling and excessive movement
45
Serous pericardium
secretes fluid for lubrication
46
Parietal pericardium
layer lines inside of fibrous pericardium
47
Visceral pericardium
directly covers outer surface of heart
48
Pericardial cavity
space between visceral and parietal
49
Tissue layers of heart wall
epicardium (= visceral pericardium) - composed of simple squamous epithelium and areolar CT (fat), above myocardium - cardiac muscle; thickest layer of heart wall endocardium - specialized simple squamous epithelial tissue and areolar CT, below
50
Where is blood pumped
Blood is flowing in one direction, between heart to lungs and then back to heart then through body, starts in right side of heart to lungs then back to left side of heart. right side=low pressure, left side=high pressure, right side of heart receives oxygen poor blood and left side receives oxygen rich blood. Blood starts off oxygen poor in heart then goes back in oxygen rich bc of lungs
51
Superior Vena Cava
drains blood from above the diaphragm
52
Inferior Vena Cava
drains blood from the lower limbs and trunk
53
Coronary Sinus
drains blood from the heart wall, takes deoxygenated blood.
54
Tricuspid valve
first valve blood goes through, separates right atrium and right ventricle blood flows from right atrium through the valve into the right ventricle valve is pulled open when RV relaxes and closes when RV contracts to prevent blood flow backwards Right ventricle receives deoxygenated
55
Papillary Muscles
Muscular projections on heart
56
Chordae tedineae
web like structure, anchored by papillary muscles
57
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
58
pulmonary arteries
divided by pulmonary trunk, carries deoxygenated blood to lungs, in center of heart
59
bicuspid (mitral) valve
left atrium and left ventricle, blood is now oxygenated
60
left ventricle
thickest chamber
61
aortic valve
between left ventricle and aorta (similar to pulmonary valve

A&P 106 (7 decks)

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