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A&P 106 > Lecture Unit 1 Ch21 > Flashcards

Lecture Unit 1 Ch21 Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Describe a capillary

A

Large surface area and minimal distance; microscopic vessels that usually connect arterioles and venules
- composed of single layer of cells and basement membrane (thin)

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2
Q

Describe arteries

A

Very thick walls, elastic (to absorb pressure created by ventricles as they pump blood into the arteries), can regulate diameter

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3
Q

What happens to the arteries with age?

A

They can burst, not as elastic ex. garden hose

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4
Q

What does the tunica media help the arteries do?

A

Regulated their diameter

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5
Q

What do the arteries do with every heartbeat

A

recoil when the pressure minimizes

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6
Q

Types of arteries:
Elastic arteries (conducting arteries)

A
  • large diameter
  • more elastic fibers
  • less smooth muscle
  • function as pressure reserviors
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7
Q

Types of arteries:
Muscular arteries (distributing arteries)

A
  • medium diameter
  • more smooth muscle
  • less elastic fibers
  • distribute blood to various parts of the body (decides where blood is going)
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8
Q

What does the distributing arteries do as you run

A

The distributing arteries in your arms would constrict and the ones in your legs would expand to help with blood flow

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9
Q

What happens to the arteries during a ventricular contraction (systole)?

A

The aorta and arteries stretch

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10
Q

What happens to the arteries during a ventricular relaxation (diastole)?

A

The aorta and arteries recoil

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11
Q

What is an anastomosis?

A

Union of the branches of 2 or more arteries supplying the same region of the body; provides alternate route for blood flow

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12
Q

What is an end artery?

A

Arteries that are not an anastomosis; if blocked blood cannot get to that region of the body and necrosis may occur

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13
Q

What happens if an anastomosis is clogged?

A

The blood will go to another artery thats apart of the anastomosis

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14
Q

Function of capillaries

A

Permit the exchange of nutrients and wastes between blood and tissue cells; good for diffusion; branch to form an extensive capillary network throughout the tissues and are found near almost every cell in body

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15
Q

Describe veins

A

Large diameter, low pressure, formed from union of several venules, thinner tunica interna and tunica media, thicker tunica externa (compared to arteries)
- less elastic and smooth tissue
- contain valves

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16
Q

Describe venules

A

Come together to form veins, formed from union of several capillaries

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17
Q

Function of venules

A

Drain blood from capillaries into veins

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18
Q

Where does the largest portion of blood take place?

A

in systemic veins and venules, aka blood reservoirs

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19
Q

Blood distribution percentages

A
  • pulmonary vessels 9%; less blood even though they receive same amount
  • heart 7%
  • systemic arteries and arterioles 13%; high pressure system
  • systemic capillaries 7%
  • systemic veins and venules (blood reservoirs) 64%
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20
Q

How do substances cross capillary walls?

A

Diffusion, transcytosis, bulk flow

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21
Q

Which substances cross capillary walls via simple diffusion?

A

Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Glucose, Amino acids, and some Hormones

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22
Q

Which substances cross capillary walls in vesicles via transcytosis?

A

Large, lipid-soluble molecules (like insulin)

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23
Q

Describe bulk flow?

A

Passive process in which large numbers of ions, molecules, or particles in a fluid move together in the same direction
- occurs from area of high to low pressure
- important for regulation of relative volumes of blood and interstitial fluid

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24
Q

What is filtration

A

Pressure-driven movement of fluid and solutes from blood capillaries into interstitial fluid
- blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP) and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP) promote filtration

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25
What is reabsorption
Pressure-driven movement of fluid and solutes from interstitial fluid into blood capillaries - interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP) and blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) promote reabsorption
26
Net filtration pressure (NFP) =
(BHP + IFOP) - (BCOP + IFHP) 10mmHg - 9mmHg = 1mmHg of mercury pushing through ( about 3 quarts a day); collected by lymphatic system
27
What is cardiac output (CO)?
Total blood flow; the volume of blood that circulates through systemic (or pulmonary) blood vessels each minute
28
CO=
heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV) or mean arterial pressure (MAP) / resistance (R) (subject to change)
29
What determines BP?
CO, blood volume, the greater the blood flow; the higher the BP, the greater the blood flow
30
How is BP generated?
Contraction of ventricles
31
What is vascular resistance (R)?
The opposition to blood flow due to friction between blood and the walls of blood vessels - the higher the R, the smaller the blood flow
32
What does R depend on?
- size of the blood vessels lumen - blood viscosity - total blood vessel length
33
What is venouos return?
The volume of blood flowing back to the heart through the systemic veins, occurs due to the pressure generated by contractions of the hearts left ventricle
34
What helps assist venous return
- valves - respiratory pump - skeletal muscle pump
35
Where is the skeletal muscle pump located?
embedded between muscles
36
What happens to the velocity of blood flow as the surface area increases? specifically capillaries
The speed decreases
37
What are baroreceptors
Important pressure-sensitive sensory neurons that monitor stretching of the walls of blood vessels and the atria
38
Negative feedback regulation of BP
stimulus - disrupts homeostasis by decreasing; controlled condition - blood pressure; receptors - baroreceptors in carotid sinus and arch of aorta; input - stretch less, which decreases rate of nerve impulses; Control centers - CV center in medulla oblongata + adrenal medulla; Output - increased sympathetic, decreased parasympathetic stimulation + increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal medulla; Effectors - heart + blood vessels; increased stroke volume and heart rate lead to increased CO + constriction of blood vessels increases systemic vascular resistance (SVR); Response - increased blood pressure; return to homeostasis when increased CO and increased R bring blood pressure back to normal
39
Increased heart rate and contractility
norepinephrine, epinephrine; increased BP
40
Vasoconstriction
Angiotensin II, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), norepinephrie, epinephrine; increase BP
41
Vasodiliation
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), epinephrine, nitric oxide; decrease BP
42
Blood volume increase
aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone; increase BP
43
Blood volume decrease
Atrial natriuretic peptide' decrease BP
44
Explain autoregulation of BP
The ability of a tissue to automatically adjust its own blood flow to match its metabolic demand for delivery of oxygen and nutrients and removal of wastes - physical and chemical stimuli can lead to autoregulation
45
Shock and homeostasis
Shock is an inadequate CO that results in failure of the CV system to meet the metabolic demands of body cells - cell membranes dysfunction, cell metabolism is abnormal and cell death may occur
46
Types of shock: hypovolemic
Due to decreased blood volume
47
Types of shock: cardiogenic
Due to poor heart function
48
Types of shock: vascular
Due to excess vasodilation (constricted vessels) - seen in massive allergy or sepsis; most common cause of death in hospital critical care unit
49
Types of shock: obstructive
Due to obstruction of blood flow
50
Homeostatic responses to shock
- activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - secretion of anitduretic hormone (long term reaction; kidneys) - activation of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (brain trying to stabilize; where fight or flight kicks in) - release of local vasodilators (recruitment tool= veins)
51
Signs and symptoms of shock
Clammy, cool, pale skin, tachycardia (high heart rate), weak, rapid pulse, sweating, hypotension (SBP <90 mmHg; heart doesn't provide enough pressure), altered mental state (brain running on low amount of energy), decreased urinary output, thirst, acidosis
52
Systemic circulation
Moves blood between heart and rest of body Leaves left side of heart to supply coronary, cerebral, renal, digestive, and hepatic circulations.
53
Pulmonary circulation
Moves blood between heart and lungs Leaves the right heart to allow blood to be re-oxygenated and to off-load CO2. Bronchial circulation provides oxygenated blood to the lungs, not pulmonary circulation which oxygenates blood.
54
Hepatic portal circulation
Returns blood from digestive tract to spleen and liver
55
Fetal circulation
Allows fetus to receive oxygenated blood and nutrients from placenta
56
Aging effect in CV system
- loss of compliance of aorta - reduction in cardiac muscle fiber size (dies spontaneously) - progressive loss of cardiac muscular strength - decline in max heart rate - increased systolic BP
57
Normal BP
less than 120/less than 80 (systolic vs diastolic)
58
Prehypertension
120-139 or/ 80-89 (systolic vs diastolic)
59
Stage 1 hypertension
140-150 or/ 90-99 (systolic vs diastolic)
60
Stage 2 hypertension
Over 160 or/over 100 (systolic vs diastolic)
61
Hypotension
BP too low to allow sufficient blood flow (hypo-perfusion) to maintain homeostasis - typical in young women; may not even show symptoms of it and may be healthy cardiovascular wise
62
What does hyptension leading to hypo perfusion lead to?
results in shock; more rare but also more beneficial with age

A&P 106 (7 decks)

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