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A&P 106 > Lecture Unit 1 Ch19 > Flashcards

Lecture Unit 1 Ch19 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define blood

A

A liquid connective tissue consisting of cells surrounded by a liquid matrix (plasma)

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2
Q

Name all the parts of blood (w/ percentages)

A

Blood plasma (55%) Buffy coat (<1%) Red blood cells (45%)

  • There is more plasma than blood cells
  • Solid particles sit at bottom
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3
Q

Name cellular components vs plasma portion

A

Cellular components: RBC, WBC, Platelets
Plasma portion: Water, proteins (majority of which are water-soluble), other solutes

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4
Q

Who has a lower blood volume and why?

A

Women, less body mass as well as monthly periods

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5
Q

Describe the function of WBC

A

Respond to infections; defense mechanisms

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6
Q

Describe function of RBC

A

Transport O2 + CO2; most numerous

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7
Q

Describe function of platelets

A

Inhibits clotting; smaller numbers
- Leftovers from cells that differentiated and died
- Come from megakaryocytes (in red bone marrow)
- Can no longer do cell division, translation, or transcription - dead cells

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8
Q

What two parts of the body lack RBC/blood

A

Spinal fluid and eyeball

  • Reason for sensitivity and lacking fresh liquid
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9
Q

Name the functions of blood

A
  • Transports oxygen (needs RBC), carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, heat and waste products
  • Regulates homeostasis of all body fluids, pH, body temp, and water content of cells
  • Protects against excessive loss by clotting, and uses WBC to protect against infections
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10
Q

Substances in blood plasma function:
Water

A

91.5%; Solvent and suspending medium. Absorbs, transports, and releases heat. Helps with temperature control.

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11
Q

Substances in blood plasma function:
Proteins

A

7%; Responsible for colloid osmotic pressure. Major contributors to blood viscosity. Transport hormones, fatty acids, and calcium. Regulate blood pH.

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12
Q

Proteins in blood plasma function:
Albumins

A

Smallest and most numerous plasma protein; Help maintain osmotic pressure, important for exchanging fluids across capillary wall.

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13
Q

Proteins in blood plasma function:
Globulins

A

Large and produce immunoglobulins; Immunoglobulins attack viruses and bacteria. Alpha and beta globulins transport iron, lipids, and fat-soluble vitamins.

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14
Q

Proteins in blood plasma function:
Fibrinogen

A

Large protein; Plays essential role in blood clotting.

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15
Q

Other solutes in blood plasma function:
Electrolytes

A

Inorganic salts, positively charged (cations) Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, negatively charged (anions) Cl-, HPO42-, SO42-, HCO3-; Help maintain osmotic pressure and play essential roles in cell functions

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16
Q

Other solutes in blood plasma function:
Nutrients

A

Products of digestion such as amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, glycerol, vitamins, and minerals; Essential roles in cell functions, growth, and development.

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17
Q

Substances in blood plasma function:
Gases

A

Oxygen - important in many cellular functions
Carbon dioxide - involved in regulation of blood pH
Nitrogen - No known function

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18
Q

Substances in blood plasma function:
Regulatory substances

A

Enzymes - catalyze chemical reactions
Hormones - regulate metabolism, growth, and development
Vitamins - Cofactors for enzymatic reactions

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19
Q

Substances in blood plasma function:
Waste Products

A

Urea, uric acid, creatine creatinine, bilirubin, ammonia - most are breakdown products of protein metabolism that are carried by the blood to organs of excretion

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20
Q

Lymphocytes lifespan

A

Up to years; longest living cells

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21
Q

RBC lifespan

A

120 days

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22
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Production of blood cells

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23
Q

Pluripotent Stem cells turn into what?

A

Each of the different types of blood cells
- turn into myeloid or lymphoid stem cells
- myeloid branch off into erythrocytes and platelets; lymphoid branch off into T,B, and NK cells

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24
Q

Granular Leukocytes:
Neutrophils

A

Most numerous (60-70% of all WBC); Phagocytosis. Destruction of bacteria with lysozyme, defensins, and strong oxidants, such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hypochlorite anion.

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25
Granular Leukocytes: Eosinophils
2-4% of all WBC; Combat effects of histamine in allergic reactions, phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, and destroy certain parasitic worms.
26
Granular Leukocytes: Basophils
Least numerous (0.5-1% of all WBC); Liberate heparin, histamine, and serotonin in allergic reactions that intensify overall inflammatory response.
27
Agranular Leukocytes: Lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, Natural Killer cells)
20-25% of all WBC; Mediate immune responses, including antigen-antibody reactions. - B cells develop into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies - T cells attack invading viruses, cancer cells, and transplanted tissue cells - NK cells attack wide variety of infectious microbes and certain spontaneously arising tumor cells
28
Agranular Leukocytes: Monocytes
3-8% of all WBC; Phagocytosis (after transforming into fixed or wandering macrophages)
29
Platelets lifespan
5-9 days
30
What is thrombopoietin
A hormone that allows hemopoietic stem cells to differentiate into platelets
31
What is hemoglobin
Proteins that contain an iron ion embedded in it that allows each molecule to bind to 4 oxygen molecules. What causes the red color. Carries oxygen to all cells and some CO2 to lungs.
32
RBC characteristic and how it plays a role in its function
No nucleus, biconcave discs which gives more surface area and allows for them to carry oxygen more efficiently.
33
What specifically allows for RBC to be red
As the iron in the hemoglobin becomes more oxidated, it becomes more red and vice versa
34
Structure breakdown of RBC Slide 23 of Ch 19
You have an iron-containing heme (yellow structure with a single red iron inside), that is in a hemoglobin molecule (made of globins (beta polypeptide chains) as well as small circles of the heme within the globins. These hemoglobin molecules are in the RBC which is the red, biconcave disc.
35
What gas helps hemoglobin regulate blood flow and BP and how?
Nitric oxide causes vasodilation in order to improve blood flow and enhance oxygen delivery by inhibiting smooth muscle (when a ring relaxes, more will go through it)
36
How does carbonic anhydrase play a role in RBC?
Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and water to carbonic acid - Carbonic acid transports about 70% of CO2 in plasma
37
What happens to the dead RBC?
Recycled and reused through the spleen and liver - explains why there are extra wide openings on these two organs and why if these are punctured, you can die
38
What happens if iron is not moved from the liver in about a week?
The RBC count will go down because the bone is not getting enough iron and cannot receive it from food
39
What happens to the bile and iron in the heme when the RBC dies?
the bile transfers to the gallbladder and the iron is moved from the liver to the bones - due to the binding with transferrin
40
Describe slide 26 on Ch 19
The RBC dies and the globin is turned into amino acids and reused for protein synthesis, the heme is turned into biliverdin and then bilirubin which is sent to the liver and down the SI, LI, and then the kidney (for what?), the heme also has the iron taken out of it and is sent to the liver with the help of transferrin where it is then sent to the bones.
41
What is erythropoiesis and where does it occur
Production of RBC that begin in red bone marrow
42
What is erythropoietin
A hormone released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia (lowered oxygen concentration) which stimulates differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells in erythrocytes
43
What are reticulocytes
Immature RBC that will mature in 1-2 days (still have nucleus until they mature)
44
WBC classifications
- contain nucleus and organelles, no hemoglobin Granular - containing vesicles that appear when cells are stained; neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils Agranular - not containing vesicles; lymphocytes, monocytes
45
slide 31 classify each leukocyte
46
Define emigration/diapedesis
When WBC are able to leave bloodstream and collect at sites of invasion, comes from binding proteins as recruiting agents.
47
What does a elevation in WBC entail and how can we tell if a problem exists?
Infection or inflammation; a differential WBC count will help determine if theres a problem
48
Neutrophils: high count vs low count
High count - bacterial infection, burns, stress, inflammation Low count - radiation exposure, drug toxicity, vitamin B12 deficiency, systemic lupus erythematous
49
Lymphocytes: high count vs low count
High count - viral infections, some leukemias, infectious mononucleosis Low count - Prolonged illness, HIV infection, immunosuppression, treatment with cortisol
50
Monocytes: high count vs low count
High count - viral or fungal infection, tuberculosis, some leukemias, other chronic diseases Low count - bone marrow suppression, treatment with cortisol
51
Eosinophils: high count vs low count
High count - allergic reactions, parasitic infections, autoimmune diseases Low count - drug toxicity, stress, scute allergic reactions
52
Basophils: high count vs low count
High count - allergic reactions, leukemias, cancers, hypothyroidism Low count - Pregnancy, ovulation, stress, hypothyroidism
53
How many people have Rh present
85%
54
Antigen classifications
A,B,AB, or O (absence of antigens)
55
How many blood groups and antigens are there?
24 and over 100 antigens
56
How is blood characterized in different blood groups?
Based on presence or absence of glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens (agglutinogens) on surface of RBC
57
Likeliness of blood types in order from high to low
O,A,B,AB (Rh common as well)
58
What is agglutinins
Antibodies
59
Antigen vs Antibody
Antigen will be same as blood type, antibody will be different to blood type ex: type A blood will have A antigen, anti-B antibody to fight off opposing antigens - AB will have neither and O will have both
60
Rh effect on pregnancy
If Rh- mother gets pregnant with Rh+ baby, mother will develop anti-Rh antibodies that will stay after she gives birth. If she gets pregnant with another Rh+ baby, those already existing antigens will attack baby's blood causing agglutination and hemolysis (destruction of RBC)
61
Sickle cell disease
Genetic anemia (oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced) because the RBC is bent in a sickle shape - sickle shape caused by hemoglobin-S (Hb-S)
62
Anemia
Oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced, lack of O2 and heat production; causes fatigue, cold intolerance, and paleness
63
Types of anemia: Iron-deficiency
Lack of absorption or loss of iron
64
Types of anemia: Pernicious
Lack of intrinsic factor for B12 absorption
65
Types of anemia: Hemorrhagic
Loss of RBC's due to bleeding (ulcer)
66
Types of anemia: Hemolytic
Defects in cell membranes causes rupture (passages rupture and hemoglobin dissovles)
67
Types of anemia: Thalassemia
Hereditary deficiency of hemoglobin
68
Types of anemia: Aplastic
Destruction of bone marrow (radiation/toxins)
69
How can we replace cancerous bone marrow?
Through bone marrow transplants; typically collected from iliac crest of hip bone or taken from umbilical cord and frozen (can have advantage from this way)
70
What is hemostasis and what are the steps in involved?
When a blood vessel breaks and you try to stop the bleeding; steps are vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting (coagulation)
71
Platelet plug formation
Only occurs in low flow, low pressure environments, collagen fibers not supposed to be in contact with everything flowing inside and when they do touch, this formation occurs
72
Blood clot formation
Cells are caught in fibrin thread, these threads are loose leaf - just meant to capture the cells... a later step will seal it.
73
The 3 stages of clotting
- Formation of prothrombinase - Conversion of prothrombin (thrombin) - Conversion of fibrinogen (fibrin) (domino affect) - Fibrinogen is inactive form - not sticky - Thrombin and Fibrin are active forms - sticky
74
What ion is essential for blood clotting
Calcium, collagen is calcium dependent, excessive bruising indicated calcium deficiency
75
Clotting factors
Fibrinogen Prothrombin Tissue factor (thromboplastin) Calcium ions Proaccelerin, labile factor, or accelerator globulin (AcG) Serum prothrombin conversion accelerator (SPCA), Antihemophilic factor (AHF) Christmas factor Stuart factor Plasma thromboplstin anteedent Hageman factor Fibrin-stablizing factor
76
What is plasmin
Enzyme that dissolves small unwanted clots, can help decrease chance of heart attack because it limits vitamin K.
77
What happens to the vessel after clot formation
The clot will retract/ tighten to pull the edges of damaged vessel together
78
What fibrinolytic system
Dissolves small inappropriate clots
79
Why is clot formation localized
- Fibrin absorbs thrombin - Blood disperses clotting factors - Endothelial cells and WBC produce prostacyclin that opposes thromboxane A2 (platelet adhesion and release)
80
What is thrombosis
Clot (thrombus) forms in an unbroken blood vessel, may dissolve spontaneously or dislodge and travel - not as deadly
81
What is embolus
Clot, air bubble or fat from broken bone in the blood, pulmonary embolus is found in lungs, surgery needed
82
Aspirin vs clots
Low dose aspirin blocks synthesis of thromboxane A2 (inhibits clots) and reduce inappropriate clot formation. Prevents irregular clots, but can cause regular clots
83
What are thrombolytic agents used for
Dissolving clots (agent equals against)
84
Blood thinners
Do not make blood thiner or break up clots but do prevent blood from forming new clots and can slow the growth of existing ones some anticoagulants do this by removing vitamin K from liver but will not do much if you consume too much vitamin K (typically healthy for you but bad choice if you are on blood thinners)

A&P 106 (7 decks)

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