Disease And Immunity

Question 1

What is a disease?

Answer 1

A health condition that negatively affects bodily functions, producing signs and symptoms.

Question 2

Define signs in the context of disease.

Answer 2

Observable or measurable indicators, e.g., fever, rashes, coughing, sneezing.

Question 3

Define symptoms in the context of disease.

Answer 3

Feelings or descriptions provided by the patient, e.g., nausea, tiredness, headache.

Question 4

What is a pathogen?

Answer 4

A disease-causing organism, e.g., bacteria, viruses, fungi.

Question 5

What is a non-transmissible disease?

Answer 5

A disease that cannot be passed on to another person, e.g., Diabetes, Cancer.

Question 6

What is a transmissible disease?

Answer 6

A disease that can be passed on to another person, e.g., AIDS, Influenza.

Question 7

How are pathogens transmitted?

Answer 7

Through direct contact or indirect contact.

Question 8

What are mechanical barriers in the body?

Answer 8

Structures that make it difficult for pathogens to enter the body, e.g., skin, nose hairs.

Question 9

What is the role of mucus as a chemical barrier?

Answer 9

It traps pathogens and can be removed from the body.

Question 10

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 10

The process by which white blood cells engulf and digest pathogenic cells.

Question 11

What is malaria caused by?

Answer 11

The parasitic protozoa called Plasmodium.

Question 12

What is the vector for malaria?

Answer 12

The female Anopheles mosquito.

Question 13

Define parasitism.

Answer 13

An association where one organism benefits (parasite) and the other is harmed (host).

Question 14

What is the transmission process of the malarial pathogen?

Answer 14

Transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito.

Question 15

List control measures for malaria.

Answer 15

• Treat infected individuals with quinine or chloroquine
• Use mosquito nets at night
• Destroy mosquito breeding sites

Question 16

What is AIDS?

Answer 16

A sexually transmitted disease caused by HIV that weakens the immune system.

Question 17

How is AIDS transmitted?

Answer 17

Through sexual contact, sharing needles, from mother to child, and blood transfusion.

Question 18

True or False: AIDS can be transmitted through hugging.

Answer 18

False.

Question 19

What bacterium causes cholera?

Answer 19

Vibrio cholerae.

Question 20

How does cholera affect the body?

Answer 20

It causes secretion of chloride ions and water into the intestine, leading to diarrhea and dehydration.

Question 21

What is the primary treatment for cholera?

Answer 21

Oral rehydration therapy and antibiotics.

Question 22

Define drugs.

Answer 22

Substances taken into the body that modify or affect chemical reactions.

Question 23

What are the short-term effects of excessive alcohol consumption?

Answer 23

• Slowed reaction times
• Slurred speech
• Blurred vision

Question 24

What are the long-term effects of alcohol consumption?

Answer 24

• Dependence and addiction
• Liver damage
• Increased blood pressure

Question 25

What are the main poisonous chemicals in cigarettes?

Answer 25

* Tar * Nicotine * Carbon monoxide

Question 26

What is the effect of tar from smoking?

Answer 26

It is linked to cancer and COPD, causing chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

Question 27

How does nicotine affect the body?

Answer 27

It stimulates adrenaline production, increasing heart rate and blood pressure.

Question 28

What is antibiotic resistance?

Answer 28

When bacteria become less effective against antibiotics due to overuse and incomplete courses.

Question 29

What is immunity?

Answer 29

Protection provided by the body’s immune system against disease.

Question 30

What are antibodies?

Answer 30

Proteins that bind to antigens, leading to destruction of pathogens.

Question 31

What is the role of lymphocytes in immunity?

Answer 31

They recognize foreign antigens and produce complementary antibodies.

Question 32

What are antibodies?

Answer 32

Proteins that bind to antigens leading to the destruction of pathogens or marking them for destruction by phagocytes.

Question 33

How do antibodies interact with antigens?

Answer 33

Specific antibodies have complementary shapes that fit specific antigens.

Question 34

What is the role of lymphocytes in the immune response?

Answer 34

Lymphocytes read antigens on cell surfaces, recognize foreign ones, and produce complementary antibodies.

Question 35

What is agglutination?

Answer 35

Clumping together of pathogenic cells, making them less mobile and easier for phagocytes to engulf.

Question 36

List the functions of antibodies

Answer 36

* Combine with viruses and bacterial toxins * Neutralize toxins * Attach to bacterial flagella * Agglutination of bacteria * Punch holes in bacterial cell walls * Coat bacteria for phagocytosis

Question 37

What is active immunity?

Answer 37

Defense against a pathogen by antibody production in the body.

Question 38

How does active immunity develop?

Answer 38

Through infection with a pathogen or vaccination.

Question 39

What is the purpose of vaccination?

Answer 39

To provide protection against specific diseases without exposure to dangerous pathogens.

Question 40

How does the body respond to a vaccine?

Answer 40

Lymphocytes produce complementary antibodies and create memory cells.

Question 41

What is herd immunity?

Answer 41

Protection for the entire population when a large percentage is vaccinated.

Question 42

What happens if vaccination rates drop in a population?

Answer 42

Increased risk of mass infection and potential epidemics.

Question 43

What is passive immunity?

Answer 43

Immunity gained when the body receives antibodies from an external source.

Question 44

How can passive immunity be acquired naturally?

Answer 44

Through antibodies received from the mother during pregnancy or breastfeeding.

Question 45

What is the duration of passive immunity?

Answer 45

Short-term; memory cells are not produced.

Question 46

What effect does HIV have on the immune system?

Answer 46

It invades lymphocytes, reducing their number and weakening the immune response.

Question 47

True or False: Active immunity is fast-acting and provides temporary immunity.

Answer 47

False

Question 48

Fill in the blank: Antibodies that combine with toxins and neutralize them are known as _______.

Answer 48

antitoxins