Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych112: Neuroscience > Disease & Disorders > Flashcards

Disease & Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

autoimmune conditions are=

A

conditions where the body’s natural defence is confused as to healthy vs foreign cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

MRI- function & through use of what> (1) + (1)

A
  • creates detailed 3D images of body
  • uses magnetic fields & radio waves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do MRIs work? (4)

A
  • magnet turns protons in H to face same way
    -radio waves disrupt alignment of protons
  • evaluate time for protons to realign
  • using maths can create 3D images of brain showing white & Grey matter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

MRI: spatial & temporal resolution

A

-high spatial resolution (lots of pixels & high detail) >[pro]
-poor temporal resolution (Bad as only 1 volume every 2/3 seconds means we have no idea of what happened between interval) >[con]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

MRI: cons (3)

A
  • expensive equipment
    -expensive per participant
  • sensitive to movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Types of tumour> (4)

A
  • Glioblastoma (fast & aggressive)
  • Low grade glioma (slower & less aggressive)
  • Meningioma (starts within meninges)
  • Metastasis (spread from elsewhere>brain)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is epilepsy?

A

abnormal burst of excessive electrical brain activity that temporarily affects how the brain works

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

features of epilepsy> (3)

A
  • can cause subtle & brief to violent convulsions
  • usually starts in childhood or 60+
  • 1/3 have a family member with epilepsy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what can epilepsy be caused by? (4)

A

stroke, brain tumour, Traumatic brain injury (TBI), drug abuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

epilepsy: what is a partial seizure?>

A

starts in specific location & spreads to other areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

epilepsy: what is a generalised seizure?

A

affects entire brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is an electroencephalogram (EEG)» (2/3)

A
  • a recording of brain activity
  • measures brain voltage in microvolts
    -electrodes over the head
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

EEG: spatial & temporal resolution

A

-excellent temporal resolution (quickly detects brain activity change) >[pro]
-poor spatial resolution (fewer pixels & less detail) >[con]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Autoimmune conditions- Multiple Sclerosis (MS)- features (1) & process of development» (3)

A

> body attacks itself

> myelin on nerve fibres is destroyed
scar tissue formed called sclerosis
nerves cannot conduct electrical impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Types of MS> (4)

A
  • relapsing remitting= bursts of symptoms then back to normal (not quite)
  • relapsing progressive= bursts of symptoms but steadily get worse
  • primary progressive=?
  • secondary progressive= on off, on off but steadily gets worse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Multiple sclerosis- PRIMARY elements» (6)

A
  • fatigue
  • movement difficulties
  • bowel/ bladder problems
  • blurred vision/ loss of vision (due to swelling of optic nerve)
  • cognitive problems (e.g. concentration, attention, memory, poor judgement) (occur in 50%)
  • tremors
17
Q

Multiple scleroisis- secondary (symptoms caused by primary symptoms)»

A

-inadequate management of primary symptoms
- e.g. urinary infections from bladder problems; bedsores for lack of movement; poor muscle tone from lack of movement.

18
Q

MS- tertiary»

A

complications of disease (social & psychological)
- e.g. stop driving, affect relationships, affect work, affect memory, depression

19
Q

Comparison of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (aka. motor neuron disease (MND)) & MS (7)

A
  • ALS presents similarly to MS
  • Both attack certain nerves in the body
  • MS affects brain & spinal cord; ALS affects motor neurones of CNS near spinal cord
  • In MS, myein sheath destroyed; in ALS WHOLE neuron destroyed
  • ALS ends in paralysis then death & often fatal 3-5 yrs from diagnosis
    -MS more common in w; ALS more common in men
  • most symptoms overlap but cognitive & visual diffuclties specific to MS
20
Q

Basal ganglia (overall function)>

A
  • receives cortical input & projects signals back > cortex
21
Q

Basal ganglia & automatic movements»

A
  • BG may be involed in modulation of movement & automatic control
  • e.g. driving: intially use FRONTAL LOBE; later become automatic (due to basal ganglia)
22
Q

Basal ganglia- specifics of function>

A
  • receives impulses from cerebral cortex (due to upcoming movement)
  • processes info & adjusts/ finetunes it
  • sends info back down the thalamus > muscles of motor system
23
Q

cons of automation:

A
  • memory: if automatic, cannot always remember doing something
24
Q

Parkinson’s disease cause

A
  • damage to dopaminergic neurons from substantia nigra
  • substantia nigra > caudic nucleus pathway is the pathway for excitatory info
  • if lose excitation of basal ganglia then cause parkinson’s symptoms (tremors, difficulties with movement)
25
Q

2 types of treatment for parkinson’s

A
  1. Dopamine & L-DOPA
  2. Deep brain stimulation
26
Q

Parkinsons- Dopamine & L-DOPA (3)

A
  • dopamine involved in motor function
  • loss of dopamine- releasing neurons from substantia nigra (part of BG) causes parkinson’s
  • L-DOPA is the precursor to dopamine, so can increase dopamine levels in remaining neurons (increasing excitation going>BG) & relieving symptoms
27
Q

Parkinson’s: Deep brain stimulation (process)»

A
  • Electrodes implanted into subthalamic nucleus or globus pallidus
  • These connected to extensions tunnelled under the skin, behind the ear & down the neck
  • connected to pulse generator, placed under skin around the chest or stomach
  • when device is on, electrodes deliver HF stimulation to targeted area
    -this stimulation causes excitation within BG & this relieves symptoms
28
Q

Pros of DBS>

A
  • reversible in many cases, (if not damaged in surgery)
  • does not harm the brain (compared to lesioning surgery which permanently damaged cells in a target area of brain
29
Q

Cons of BDS>

A
  • can take months or years to optimise DBS settings/ medication for the patient

Psych112: Neuroscience (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions