Learning & memory I Flashcards
(20 cards)
Declarative memory=
conscious memory
>includes: facts, events, experiences
Non-declarative memory=
unconscious memory
>includes: (learnt) skills, motor, implicit, conditioning, priming, sensory,
Two types of long-term memory>
- Declarative
- Non-declarative
Two Divisions of declarative memory>
- Episodic (events, experiences)
- Semantic (facts, concepts
Sensory memory: features= (3)
- held for <1 second;
- is a short term representation of sensory info based on visual, auditory, somatic sensory info
- stored in electrical activity of neurones in sensory system
Short-term memory (working memory): features> (2)
- held for <1 minute
- something held in immediate awareness, to do something with (i.e. sums ‘214+72’ etc)
Episodic memory=
events, experiences
>are time stamped, have happened
what is priming?>
setting brain up to respond in a certain way to a particular stimulus
(i.e. exposed to something before, then we re-exposed quicker retrieval of info)
Pavlov & Classical conditioning> Dog Salivation experiment (4)
- Dog salivation was measured when food placed in dogs mouth (unconditioned response, UCR)
- Preceded delivering of food with the sound of a bell (neutral stimulus)
- After 5/6 pairings, dogs would salivate (conditioned response, CR) in response to bell (now a conditioned stimulus)
- Dog learned association between sound & food
Classical conditioning in humans> Air puff reflex
- paired a tone (NS) with an air puff to eye (UCR)
- after continued pairing, tone alone can elicit eye-blink response (now CR) & tone becomes (CS)
Classical conditioning in humans> Air puff reflex> neuroscience behind it> (5)
Neuron in auditory system before CC:
- hears tone, no msg> motor neurone due to weak synapse connecting two
After CC:
- pathway becomes much stronger
- when tone played: neurone connects to motor neurone to tell body to blink
- CC has strengthened connection & paired two stimuli together
What is the Limbic system involved in>
regulation of motivated behaviours, including memory & emotion
emotional learning in amygdala> process (tone-eye puff)
- aversive stimulus (US: eye puff), & tone (CS), paired via (CC)
- causes strengthened synapse in the lateral nucleus
- pathway activated to get Conditioned emotional response of blinking etc
where can conditioned emotional responses occur:
- hypothalamus, midbrain, pons & medulla
Classical conditioning=
association of 2 stimuli that were not connected before
emotional learning in amygdala pathway=
lateral nucleus> basal nucleus> conditioned emotional response
operant conditioning=
learning to repeat a behaviour (specific motor action) that produces reinforcement (+ or -) in response to a stimuli; to get a reward (if+ reinforcment)) / avoid punishment (if - reinforcement)
Operant conditioning> pathway
- stimulus (e.g. sight of lever)> neural circuit that detects a particular stimulus
- Neural circuit that controls a particular behaviour is activated (loop)> now loop activated> behaviour (e.g. lever press)
- when lever pressed> reward (of food)
- reinforcing stimulus (food)
- activates reinforcement system
- when reinforcement system ACTIVE>strengthens connection of loop
Dopamine & reinforcement
- OC depends on behaviour being reinforced
- several areas of brain which, when stimulated electrically, will acts (or like) a reward
- these areas receive DOPAMINGERGIC input from the ventral tegmental area
- system is called mesolimbic dopamine system
Intercranaial self-stimulation & rats
- rats undergone brain surgery: electrode straight into dopamine system
- underwent skinner box (press level),but instead:
- pressing level> creates electrical pulse> reward loop> reinforce loop
- by taking away external element of food & going directly to reward system, proved dopamine role in reinforcing loop
