Neuroanatomy

Question 1

Anterior/ posterior=

Answer 1

front/ back

Question 2

rostral/ caudal

Answer 2

top front (nostril); bottom/back

Question 3

ventral/ dorsal=

Answer 3

down/belly; up/behind stomach

Question 4

The two hemispsheres in the brain are separated by =

Answer 4

longitudinal fissue

Question 5

2 hemispheres of brain=

Answer 5

lateral; medial

Question 6

Different directions & meaning: S>I>L>M>A>P

Answer 6

superior= above; inferior= below; lateral=side; medial=middle; anterior=front; posterior=back

Question 7

3 brain sections>

Answer 7

axial (transverse- through centre); coronal (top/down); sagittal (ear-ear)

Question 8

Main 2 components of CNS=

Answer 8

• spinal cord
  -brain

Question 9

Divisions of Peripheral NS

Answer 9

> somatic NS
autonomic NS (>sym/parasymp)

Question 10

purpose of PNS>

Answer 10

carries info into CNS & out of CNS

Question 11

Somatic nervous system»(afferent vs efferent nerves)

Answer 11

Afferent= sensory
efferent= motor (brain signals for body e.g.’run)

Question 12

autonomic nervous sysem (2 branches)

Answer 12

> sympathetic branch= fight or flight
parasympathetic branch= rest & digest

Question 13

Protection of the CNS (bone & 3 membranes)»

Answer 13

• CNS encased in bone & covered in (outer>inner)
  1. Dura mater= tough outer membrane
  2. Arachnoid membrane= web-like
  3.Pia mater= adheres to CNS surface

Question 14

Divisions of the brain (5 major divisions)> (TOP>BOTTOM)

Answer 14

1. Telencephalon (forebrain)
2. Diencephalon (forebrain)
3. Mesencephalon (midbrain)
4. Metencephalon (hindbrain)
5. Myelencephalon (hindbrain)

Question 15

myencephalon (medulla)=

Answer 15

• mostly tracts (channel for nerves > out)
• origin of reticular formation (mass of nerves & fibres: allow autonomous processes; responsible for consciousness & sleep/wake cycle)

Question 16

mentencephalon=

Answer 16

• many tracts (channels for nerves> out)
• pons (link spinal cord>brain)
• cerebellum (involved in motor coordination aka voluntary movement)

Question 17

what happens if ‘pons’ are damaged?

Answer 17

can cause ‘locked in’ syndrome (paralysed except for muscles for eye movement: conscious & can think but cannot move or speak)

Question 18

mescenphalon=

Answer 18

• tectum= has inferior & superior COLLICULI (small swellings in roof of mid-brain) (part of auditory & visual pathways- respectively)
• Tegmentum= has pariaqueductal gray, substantial nigra & red nucleus (where nerves from spine come & end)

Question 19

Diencephalon (2)

Answer 19

• Thalamus= relay station for sensory info
• Hypothalamus= involved in “homeostatic” mechanisms to maintain normal state of body & also controls hormone release

Question 20

Telencephalon (cerebral cortex)» function

Answer 20

responsible for analysing sensory info & higher brain functions

Question 21

Telencephalon (cerebral cortex)> Structure»

Answer 21

• longitudinal fissure= groove that separates R & L hemispheres
• corpus callosum= largest hemisphere connecting tract (allows communication between 2 hemispheres)

Question 22

Telencephalon: Limbic system»(purpose & consists of) (3)

Answer 22

involved in regulation of motivated behaviours (e.g. memory & emotion)
consists of:
- hippocampus
- amygdala
- basal ganglia

Question 23

different gyruses in brain>

Answer 23

• pre-central gyrus= before middle of brain
  -post-central gyrus= after middle of brain

Question 24

What is a gyrus in the brain?>

Answer 24

a ridge on the surface of the brain

Question 25

Different fissures in brain>

Answer 25

- central fissure= splits FRONTAL & PARIETAL - lateral fissue= splits TEMPORAL & FRONTAL

Question 26

cerebral cortex lobes>>

Answer 26

- frontal (decision making, impulse control, emotion control) - parietal (sensory perception & movement) - occipital (vision) - temporal (language; hearing; memory; sexuality)