Diseases and Conditions

Question 1

cystic fibrosis

Answer 1

CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane receptor) doesn’t allow chlorine across epithelial cells as normal

Question 2

adenocarcinoma

Answer 2

cancer of glands

Question 3

carcinoma

Answer 3

cancer of epithelium

Question 4

sarcoma

Answer 4

cancer of mesenchyme

Question 5

what occurs in oral squamous carcinoma?

Answer 5

disruption of desmosomes

Question 6

marfan’s syndrome

Answer 6

mutation of the fibrillin 1 gene- abnormal elastic recoil of the heart

Question 7

muscular dystrophy

Answer 7

• defect in dystrophin - muscle cells rip apart (fibers atrophy)
• not enough time for satellite cells to repair and myofibers are replaced w adipose tissue and collagen

Question 8

what occurs in a myocardial infarction?

Answer 8

loose intercalated disks

loose nuclei

Question 9

asthma is a disease of the _______

Answer 9

bronchioles - smooth muscle contracts

Question 10

ankyrin deficiency in RBC

Answer 10

decreased membrane integrity and surface volume of of RBC = cell phagoctize

Question 11

what 3 things occur in anemia?

Answer 11

= low hemoglobin

1. reduced RBC’s
2. decreased hemoglobin per RBC
3. decreased O2 binding of hemoglobin

Question 12

hereditary spherocytosis

Answer 12

defectin in ankrin, spectin

-loss of RBC surface area = increased fragility and culled in spleen

Question 13

polcythemia

Answer 13

increased RBC’s/ ml

= increased hematocrit = thick blood

Question 14

left shift in PMN production?

Answer 14

band form PMN’s leave early in immature cells in response to cytokines released by host cells at the infection site

Question 15

loss of parietal cells in the stomach can cause what disorder?

Answer 15

pernicious anemia- b12 not protected by gastic intrinsic factor

Question 16

peptic ulcers have to puncture this layer completely to have bleading

Answer 16

muscularis musocae

Question 17

how can you treat peptic ulers?

Answer 17

block histamine receptors- inhibit parietal cells

antibiotics to control H. pylori

Question 18

what is celiacs disease?

Answer 18

auto immune disorder that causes a loss of microvilli = malabsorption and abnormal immune response

Question 19

inflammatory bowel disease

Answer 19

more orrurance in developed countries, disruption on homeostasis interactions of mucosal epithelium with immune system and bacteria
ex chrones disease
why- paneth cell defects

Question 20

What causes fibrosis of the liver?

Answer 20

Hepatic stellate cells are transformed into myofibroblasts which synthesize collagen after liver damage - leads to portal hypertension

Question 21

cholecystitis

Answer 21

inflammation of gall bladder - right upper quadrant pain

Question 22

cholestasis

Answer 22

blockage of bile flow

Question 23

cirrhosis of liver casues

Answer 23

decrease blood flow thus decreased removal of blood components and portal hypertension

Question 24

cushings syndrome

Answer 24

excess cortisol

Question 25

addisson's disease

Answer 25

insufficient cortisol

Question 26

pheochromocytoma

Answer 26

secrete excess catecholamines

Question 27

hypothyroidism (Hashimoto's thyroiditis)

Answer 27

autoimmune disorder that destroys the follicular cells- thus low t3 and t4 levels. High TSH levels b/c not under negative feedback loop symptoms= wight gain, fatigue

Question 28

hyperthyroidism (graves disease)

Answer 28

antibodies to TSH chronically stimulate follicular cells to synthesis and release hormone= wight loss, heat intolerance

Question 29

hyperparathyroidism

Answer 29

hypercalcemia = decalcification of bones- leads to kidney stones

Question 30

hypoparathyroidism

Answer 30

increase bone density, mental confusion, life threating, from the removal/ destruction of glands

Question 31

what causes scurvy?

Answer 31

a vtamin C defficiency b/c vitamin C is needed to help hydroxylate proline and lysine in type 1 collagen

Question 32

osteoporosis

Answer 32

osteoclasts> osteoblasts

Question 33

vitamin d shortage effect on bone

Answer 33

inability to absorb calcium

Question 34

osteopetrosis

Answer 34

deffective osteoclasts thus osteoblasts unopposed

Question 35

esophagitis

Answer 35

inflammation of esophagus

Question 36

gastro-esophageal reflux disease

Answer 36

chronic inflammation of esophagus

Question 37

barrett's esophagus what is it? at risk for what?

Answer 37

- chronic inflammation leading to intestinal metaplasia. stat. quamous of esophagus changes to simple columnar epithelium - at risk for adenocarcinoma

Question 38

dammaged myenteric (auerbach's) plexi which controls the muscularis externa can cause?

Answer 38

hirschprung's disease

Question 39

acute pancreatitis

Answer 39

zymogens activated in pancreas=autodigestion of pancreas

Question 40

pancreatic carcinoma is more common in what group of individuals?

Answer 40

women

Question 41

what can activate hepatic stellate cells to transform into myofibroblasts (snythesize collage after liver damage)

Answer 41

HBV HCV Alcohol

Question 42

hepatitis

Answer 42

inflammation of the liver

Question 43

cirrhosis

Answer 43

extensive fibrosis of the liber | -decrease blood flow = portal hypertension

Question 44

osteoarthritis what is it? what causes it?

Answer 44

loss of articular cartilage | -hypertrophic chondrocytes secrete proteases that destroys the cartilage

Question 45

pituitary adenoma

Answer 45

disorder of the anterior pituitary that a benign tumor forms. it is grows too large it can casue a hyper secretion of prolactin or mass effects by compressing the brain stem

Question 46

posterior pituitary hypersecretion

Answer 46

too much ADH- retention of solue free h20 = hyponatrmia

Question 47

hyposecretion of the posterior pituitary

Answer 47

reduced ADH - loose capacity to concentrate urine = cental diabetes insipidus - extreme dehydration

Question 48

vitilago

Answer 48

depigmentation caused by a loss/ increased activity of melanocytes

Question 49

moles

Answer 49

- benign melanocytic nevi - melanocytes divide normally to form these - dysplasia = malignant melanoma

Question 50

basal cell carcinoma

Answer 50

keratinocytes dammaged | -most common type of ski carcinoma

Question 51

squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 51

keratinocytes dammaged

Question 52

melanoma

Answer 52

causes 75% of skin cancer deaths

Question 53

merkel cell carcinoma

Answer 53

rare, hard to treat, aggressive

Question 54

rickets

Answer 54

vitamin D deficiency- bone problems

Question 55

what structure of lymph nodes would be absent in a patient with Digeorge syndrome?

Answer 55

patients with DiGeorge Syndrome are missing a thymus at birth and therefore would not have any T-cell thus germinal centers would not form b/c there would be no isotype switching.