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Histology Exam Review > Lymphoid Organs > Flashcards

Lymphoid Organs Flashcards

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1
Q

innate immunity specialized cell examples?

A

granulocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cels

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2
Q

examples of soluble factors of the innate immunity?

A

complement, c-reactive protein, mannose binding lectin, defensins

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3
Q

what does the innate immune system respond to?

A

cues from adaptive system

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4
Q

specialized cells of the adaptive immunity?

A

lymphocytes

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5
Q

both the innate and adaptive immune system are derived from the ________

A

hematopoietic stem cell

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6
Q

the lymphoid stem cell produces what?

A

pre-T-cells

pre-B-cells

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7
Q

pre-T-cells and pre-B-cells mature into the _______

A

naive B and T cells

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8
Q

what type of lymphocytes are in circulation?

A

naive B and T Cells- activated when they encounter anitigen

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9
Q

the thymus is formed from what branchial/ pharyngeal structure?

A

3rd pharyngeal pouch

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10
Q

involution?

A

the thymus shrinks as you age

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11
Q

problems associated with thymus removal?

A

young = bad

no problems older in life

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12
Q

what divides the thymus into lobes and lobules?

A

septa

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13
Q

the thymus is what type of organ?

Function?

A

lympho-epithelial organ: Supports the development of T-cells.

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14
Q

what is central tolerance?

how?

A

prevents autoimmunity

-negative selection in the medulla test to see if the pre-T-cell binds to the self antigen with too high of affinity

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15
Q

what type of lymphocytes are encountered in the peripheral lymphatic tissue?

A

activated B and T cells

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16
Q

color of the cortex and medulla of the thymus?

A 
cortex= dark
medulla = lighter
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17
Q

what are thymic epithelial reticilar cells?

A

antigen presenting cells

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18
Q

thymocytes in the thymic cortex?

A

t-lymphoblasts

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19
Q

what are hassall corpuscles?

where are they found?

A
  • secrete cytokines the control local dendritic cells

- unique to the thymic medulla

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20
Q

what forms hassall corpuscles?

where are they found?

A
  • large aggregates of thymic epithelial cells form this

- thymic medulla

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21
Q

what promotoes the development of regulator -T cells for peripheral tollerance?

A

thymic medulla

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22
Q

where are high endothelial venules located?

A

thymic medulla

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23
Q

what are high endothelial venules

A

specialized post capillary venules that serve as entry and exit points for lymphocytes

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24
Q

what type of epithelium are high endothelial venules?

A

cuboidal

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25
where does positive selection occur?
the cortex
26
where does negative selection occur?
the medulla
27
MHC-1 interacts with what in positive selection?
MHC-1 interacts with CD8 (cytotoxic T cells)
28
MHC-2 interacts with what in positive selection?
MHC-2 interacts with CD4 (helper T-cells)
29
what type of molecule are self antigens?
MHC
30
Does a pre-T=cells naive T-cell receptor have a moderate affinity (properly bind) to host MHC expressed on reticular cells?
``` no = apoptosis yes= cell receives cytokines to become a single positive cell (CD4 or CD8) ```
31
survivors of positive selection go where next?
negative selection in the medulla
32
what causes death of pre-T-cells in negative selection
if pre-t-cell's naive t-cell receptor binds with too high affinity to MHC
33
to survive negative selection , a t-cell must do what?
t-cells must not recognize self antigens in negative selection -failure to recognized self antigen = survival
34
what is peripheral tolerance
generation of hyporesponsiveness in lymphatics(periphery) which encounters antigen in the absence of the costimulatory signals that accompany inflammation.
35
what aids in peripheral tolerance?
t-reg cells : suppress activation of effector cells with self reactive receptors
36
example of thymus dependent area?
lymph nodes/ spleen, paracortex of lymph nodes, germinal centers -areas staffed by t-cells affected if thymus is missing
37
3 regions of the lymph node?
1. cortex 2. paracortex 3. medulla
38
what separates the lymph node?
trabecula - carries blood vessels like septa
39
afferent lymphatic vessels enter the lymph node where>
outer surface of cortex to the subcapsular sinus
40
wet lymph node organs and immunoglobulin responsible
gut, lungs oral, | IgA
41
dry lymph node organs and immunoglobulin responsible
axilla, groin | IgG
42
what is the hilum?
efferent lymphatic vessels exits, vein, artery and nerve eneter and exit here
43
the subcapsular sinus has what type of epithelium?
discontinuous - fenestrated
44
what forms lymphoid nodules?
formed by t-helper cells and proliferating B-lymphoblasts
45
what cell supports most of the lymphoid organs?
reticular cells
46
what type of cells are found in the paracortex?
only T- Cells!!!!!!!!! | -lacks B-cell lymphoid nodules
47
90% of lymphocytes enter the lymph nodes via ________ located in the _________
high endothelial venules | paracortex
48
medullary cords
branched cord like masses of lymphocytes= plasma cells
49
medullary sinus
dilated space with discontinuous epithelium that separates cords
50
what is the first antibody secreted?
IgM
51
wound in finger, what are the 6 steps?
1. dendritic cells activate and leave tissue carrying antigen 2. transport in lymph vessel to afferent lymph vessels 3. helper T-cells activated by antigen 4. cytokines 5. b-cell binds to helper t-cell 6. plasma cells secrete antibodies
52
where does isotype switching occur?
germinal centers
53
what is required for isotype switching?
- requires thymus interaction with B-cells | - b-cell needs to be activated by T-helper cell
54
what forms cords in the medulla?
plasma cells
55
IgG
- most abundant - soluble - can cross placenta to fetus = passive immunity - most important for long-term resistance
56
IgE
- mast cells, basophile | - parasitic and allergic reactions - release histamine
57
IgA
- saliva, sweat, intestinal juice, milk | - helps precent attachment of pathogens to epithelial surfaces
58
IgD
attached to external surface of B-cell = antigen receptor
59
lymphoma is there pain?
no pain associated w a lymphoma b/c tumors do not release cytokines. normal lymph node swelling is painful bc cytokines are released from the inflammatory process
60
function of the spleen?
filter blood by trapping antigens and pathogens. | turns over old RBC's
61
3 areas of the spleen
1. red pulp - lighter colored 2. white pulp - darker red (more RBC's) 3. marginal zone - boundary between red and white pulp
62
contents of red pulp
large sinusoids and connective tissue aggregates called cords
63
function of the red pulp?
blood cell turnover and antigen trapping
64
contents of white pulp? | function?
aggregates of lymphocytes surrounding central arteries -mostly B-cells around germinal centers involved in immune response
65
what is the flow of blood through the spleen?
trabecular artery- central artery - penicillary artery
66
what surrounds central arteries?
periarterial lymphatic sheath (T-cell sheath)= primary T-cells= white pulp
67
culling what does it? where?
- macrophages engulf old RBC's and destroy them | - occurs when moving through splenic cord and red pulp to the sinusoid
68
pitting
macrophages engulf nuclear fragments or parasites leaving the rest of the cell
69
what causes the central artery to be eccentric?
clonal expansion from B-cell response
70
what makes up the majority of all immune cells?
mucosal associated lymphatic tissue | -ex tonsils, peyer patches, apendix
71
what composes the MALT
mostly b-cells, some t-helper cells
72
gender differences in women in regards to immunoglobulins and autoimmune diseases
women have a more robust immune system with more IgG | -but they have more autoimmune diseases
73
open circulation of the spleen
penicullar arterioles leave white pulp and dump blood directly into red pulp. Blood cells push through Ct and return to circulation by sinusoidal capillaries
74
what are two examples of antigen presenting cells?
macrophages and dendritic cells
75
what induces lymphoid progenitor to become pre-T-cells.
epithelial reticular cells
76
Function of t-reg cells
suppress activation of effector cells with self reactive receptors -aids in peripheral tollerence
77
_________ on the lymphocyte helps recognize glycoproteins on endothelial cells?
L-selectin
78
what is L-selectin?
present on on the lymphocytes. it helps recognize glycoproteins on endothelial cells
79
what forms the blood thymus barrier?
thymic epithelial cells

Histology Exam Review (8 decks)

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