Final Exam - Exam 1 review

Question 1

zona adherens

Answer 1

desmosomes anchor cells to neighbors. mediated by cadherins

Question 2

what cell mediates the zona adherens

Answer 2

cadherins

Question 3

what occurs in the focal adhesion complex?

Answer 3

actin binds to integrin which binds to basement membrane

Question 4

gap junctions are made up of _______

Answer 4

connexons

Question 5

what is a brush border?

Answer 5

microvilli for absorption

Question 6

terminal bar

Answer 6

attach epithelial cells on lateral surfaces

Question 7

integrins

Answer 7

transmembrane receptor that are the bridges cell to cell and cell to ECM

Question 8

what 4 things make up the ground substance?

Answer 8

1. glycosaminoglycans - resist compression
2. proteoglycans - resist compression
3. glycoproteins- attach cells to ECM via integrin receptors
4. fluid

Question 9

what type of muscle is based on thin/ thick filament proteins Ca2+?

Answer 9

thin - skeletal muscle

thick - smooth muscle

Question 10

what type of muscle is striated?

Answer 10

skeletal and cardia muscle

Question 11

myofibers of skeletal muscle are alligned by what two proteins?

Answer 11

desmin and vimentin

Question 12

what binds calcium in skeletal/ smooth muscle

Answer 12

skeletal muscle - troponin C

smooth muscle - calmodulin

Question 13

what protein is arranged in Z-lines to form sarcomeres?

Answer 13

alpha actinin is arranged in z-lines in skeletal muscle

Question 14

3 types of glial cells of the CNS and function

Answer 14

1. astrocytes - protect, transfer, nutrient
2. microglia- macrophages of CNS
3. oligodendrocytes - myelinate CNS axons

Question 15

are there cell bodies in white or gray matter?

Answer 15

gray matter only!!

Question 16

function of schwan cells?

Answer 16

surround, ensheath, myelinate in PNS

Question 17

endothelium has what embryonic origin?

Answer 17

mesoderm

Question 18

what area(s) of the heart are thicker in the aorta?

Answer 18

endocardium

Question 19

what is different about the SA and AV nodes?

Answer 19

they are both modified cardiac muscle that can conduct and contract muscle fibers

Question 20

what produces atrial natriuretic peptide and what effect does it have?

Answer 20

myocardium

-lowers blood pressure

Question 21

hypertrophy vs hyperplasia?

Answer 21

hypertrophy- cell get bigger

hyperplasia - cells increase in #

Question 22

is the aorta an elastic or muscular artery?

function?

Answer 22

elastic artery (pulmonary artery is another example)
-helps to maintain a constant pressure in the arteries

Question 23

rarest type of epithelium?

Answer 23

urothelium

Question 24

nitric oxide vs endothelins?

Answer 24

nitric oxide =vasodilation

endothelins = vasoconstriction

Question 25

what cell is involved in the blood brain barrier?

Answer 25

pericytes (periendothelial cell)

Question 26

in the nose, olfactory epithelium is only present in what area?

Answer 26

superior turbinate

Question 27

epithelium of the trachea?

Answer 27

respiratory epithelium

Question 28

as you go down in the respiratory system what decreases?

Answer 28

cartilage, glands, goblet cells, and the height of epithelial cells all decrease

Question 29

as you go up in the respiratory system, what increases?

Answer 29

smooth muscle and elastic tissue increase

Question 30

where does cartilage end when going down the respiratory system?

Answer 30

bronchi have cartilage but bronchioles do not

Question 31

type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes?

Answer 31

type 1- gas exchange | type 2 - stem cell, produce surfactant

Question 32

3 components of the intraalveolar septum

Answer 32

1. cytoplasm of the endothelial cell 2. fused basal laminae 3. cytoplasm of type 1 pneumocyte

Question 33

where does the respiratory epithelium end and simple cuboidal epithelium begin?

Answer 33

in the bronchi respiratory epithelium transitions into simple cuboidal/ columnar

Question 34

function of: 1. spectrin 2. ankrin 3. glycophorins 4. band 3

Answer 34

1. spectrin - binds to actin 2. ankrin - binds to spectin and band 3 3. glycophorins - helps RBC's not stick together, antigenic site for blood type 4. band 3 - anion transporter of HCO3- and Cl-

Question 35

products released by eosinophils vs. basophils?

Answer 35

eosinophils - major basic protein | basophils - histamine and heparin

Question 36

erythrocyte developmental series

Answer 36

BFU-E, CFU-E, Proerythroblast, basophilic erythroblast, polychromatophilic erythroblast, orthochromatophilic erythroblast, reticulocyte, RBC

Question 37

what stage of erythrocyte development does it become non mitotic

Answer 37

orthochromatophilic is 1st non-mitotic stage

Question 38

what stage of erythrocyte development do the nucleioli disappear?

Answer 38

no visible nucleoli in basophilic erythroblast (most basophilic cytoplasm)

Question 39

cytokine invoved in erythrocyte development?

Answer 39

EPO

Question 40

Granulocyte developmental series?

Answer 40

CFU-GM - Myeloblast - Promyelocyte - Myelocyte, meta myelocyte, band form, mature form

Question 41

what is the stage able to undergo mitosis in the Granulocyte developmental series?

Answer 41

myelocyte

Question 42

difference of oral muscosa and oral mucoperiosteum vs intestinal muclos?

Answer 42

- oral mucosa lacks a muscularis mucosa & muscular layers. - oral mucoperiosteum lacks muscularis mucosa, submucosa & muscular layers

Question 43

non-keratinized tissues lack what?

Answer 43

stratum granulosum -ex lining mucosa

Question 44

what is another name for the vermillion border?

Answer 44

mucocutaneous junction

Question 45

langerhans cells - location and function?

Answer 45

location : stratum spinosum | function: antigen presenting cells

Question 46

what papilla in the mouth keratinized vs.non keratinized? which have taste buds?

Answer 46

keratinized = circumvallate and filiform papillae non-keratinized - fungiform and foliate papillae taste buds: Foliate and Circumvallate

Question 47

function of haptocorrin? what produces it?

Answer 47

produced by salivary glands | - it is a Vitamin B12 binding protein that protects it as it moves through the digestive system.

Question 48

what type of ducts does the parotid gland have?

Answer 48

long intercalated ducts | short striated ducts

Question 49

what type of ducts does the submandibular gland have?

Answer 49

long striated ducts

Question 50

what salivary gland produces the majority of the saliva?

Answer 50

submandibular gland produces 60-67% of volume