Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Histology Exam Review > Exam 2 - Endocrine System/ Bone & Cartilage Histology > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Endocrine System/ Bone & Cartilage Histology Flashcards

(97 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what type of feedback system is more stable?

A

complex feedback systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

endocrine glands are more parenchyma or stroma?

A

parenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

protein and Polypeptides -

Hydrophilic/ Lipophilic? Synthesized where? Stored? Bind to what and do what?

A

hydrophilic, synthesized in the RER, stored in granules (ex insulin), bind to receptors on cell membrane and activate 2nd messengers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

tyrosine derrivatives

what are two types? Hydrophilic/ Lipophilic? Bind to what and do what?

A

Thyroxine - lipophilic, binds to cytoplasmic receptors, acts as a transcription factor
Epinephrine- hydrophillic, binds to gprotein on cell membrane, activates 2nd messenger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

steroid derrivatives

- Hydrophilic/ Lipophilic? Synthesized where? Stored? Bind to what and do what?

A

lipophilic - carried in blood by albumin, synthesized in SER, NOT stored, binds to cytoplasmic receptors, acts as a transcription factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

posterior pituitary from from the

A

neurohypophyseal bud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

other names for the anterior pituitary

A

pars distalis, adenohypophysis, pars anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what forms the infundibulum

A

the neurohypophyseal bud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

neurohypophyseal bud is what?

A

invagination of neuroectoderm that forms the future posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what forms the anterior pituitary?

A

hypophyseal pouch (rathke’s pouch)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how is the anterior pituitary formed?

A

the hypophyseal pouch(aka rathke’s pouch) is an invagination of oral ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

other names for the posterior pitutiary

A

pars nervosa, neurohypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the Pars nervosa releases what?

A

ADH and oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

are there cell bodies present in the pars nervosa?

A

the only cell bodies present are glial cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

are there secretory cells in the Pars Nervosa?

A

no secretory cells in the pars nervosa/anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the pars distalis?

A

anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does the pars distalis release?

A

HGH,ACTH,TSH,LH,FSH,PRL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

this cell releases growth hormone and prolactin

A

acidophils of the pars distalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

this cell releases TSH, FSH, LH

A

basophils of the pars distalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

chromotropin

A

not sure; maybee stem cell, exhausted secretoy cell- pale and not stained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

an invagination of neuroectoderm form what?

A

the neurohypophyseal bud- posterior pituitary and infundibulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

pituitary adenoma

A

disorder of the anterior pituitary that a benign tumor forms. it is grows too large it can casue a hyper secretion of prolactin or mass effects by compressing the brain stem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

posterior pituitary hypersecretion

A

too much ADH- retention of solue free h20 = hyponatrmia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

symptom of hyper and hyposecretion of the posterior pituitary

A

thirst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
hyposecretion of the posterior pituitary
reduced ADH - loose capacity to concentrate urine = cental diabetes insipidus - extreme dehydration
26
what part of the adrenal gland essential for life? and what product and what area of the organ is soo essential.
The adrenal cortex is essential for life - mineralocorticoids, specifically aldosterone produced by the zona glomerulosum is essential for life
27
the adrenal medulla is derrived from
neural crest cells
28
the adrenal cortex is derrived from
coelomic epithelium = mesoderm
29
the parenchymal cells of the adrenal medulla are derrived from ____ which are what type of cells?
adrenal medulla derrived from neural crest cells = chromaffin cells
30
what is the largest zone of the adrenal cortex
zona fasiculata
31
what type of hormones are secreted from the adrenal cortex?
steroid hormones
32
steroid hormones are derrived from?
cholesterol
33
are steroid hormones stored?
no
34
what does the zona reticularis secrete
DHEA
35
smallest zone of the adrenal cortex
zona reticularis
36
what do glucocorticoids do?
gluconeogenesis, break down fat and proteins, and suppress the mmune system (anti -inflammatory)
37
what does aldosterone do?
aldosterone stimulates the resorption of sodium by collection tubules and ducts of te kidneys, water then follows passively.
38
cushings syndrome
excess cortisol
39
addisson's disease
insufficient cortisol
40
pheochromocytoma
secrete excess catecholamines
41
the thyroid produces what from what?
makes t3 and t4 from thyroglobulin
42
the parenchyma of the thyroid gland
rounded epithelial follicles
43
what is the colloid
the colloid contains glycoprotein and thyroglobulin
44
does te thyroid store its secretory product?
the thyroid is the only endocrine gland to store its secretory product (3 months)
45
how are t3, and t4 produced?
when needed the folicular cells phagocytose the colloid and cleave it into t3 and t4 for release into the blood stream
46
parafollicular cells
(throid cells) secrete calcitonin- inhibit osteoclasts
47
thyrocytes/follicular cells
cleaves thyroglobulin into t3 and t4.
48
where is thyroglobulin made?
the colloid of the thyroid gland
49
hypothyroidism (Hashimoto's thyroiditis)
autoimmune disorder that destroys the follicular cells- thus low t3 and t4 levels. High TSH levels b/c not under negative feedback loop symptoms= wight gain, fatigue
50
hyperthyroidism (graves disease)
antibodies to TSH chronically stimulate follicular cells to synthesis and release hormone= wight loss, heat intolerance
51
what affect does PHT have on the body
increases octeoclasts, increase ca absorption in the kidneys and inceased activated vitamin d = increase ca absorption in stomach
52
the parathyroid gland is derrived from what pharyngeal arches?
superior - 4th arch | inferior - 3rd arch
53
what cells produce PTH
principal (chief cells)
54
hyperparathyroidism
hypercalcemia = decalcification of bones- leads to kidney stones
55
hypoparathyroidism
increase bone density, mental confusion, life threating, from the removal/ destruction of glands
56
what gland produces melatonin?
pineal gland
57
The pineal gland develops from what?
pineal gland develops from neuroectoderm- remains attached to brain
58
corpora arenacea
(brain sand) - concentration of mg and ca salts in the pineal gland
59
what affect does melatonin have on the body?
diurna fucntion- converts sensory input to changes in hormone function (light vs dark)
60
cartilage is composed of what type of collagen
type 2
61
what causes scurvy?
a vtamin C defficiency b/c vitamin C is needed to help hydroxylate proline and lysine in type 1 collagen
62
what types of collagen aggregate in fibrils and or fibers
collagen 1-3 fibrils collagen 1&3 into fibers collagen 2 remains a fibril
63
what cell attaches cells the the ECM in hyaline cartilage?
chondronectin
64
perichondrium
sources of chrondrogenic cells and chrondroblasts for growth and repair of cartilage. surrounds permanent hyaline cartilage except articular cartilage. Also present in elastic cartilage but NOT fibrocartilage
65
isogenous aggregates
groups of 4-8 cells that originated for mitotis divisons of a single chrondrocyte
66
chondrocytes reside
in lacunae
67
territorial matrix
rich in gags, stains darker, surrounds lacuna
68
what secretes ECM in cartilage
chrondroblasts and young chrondrocytes secrete ECM
69
appositional growth
chrondroblasts in perichondrium differentiate into chrondrocytes - produce matrix adding to existing cartilage
70
interstitial growth
proliferation and hypertrophy of chondrocytes
71
articular cartilage
no perichondrium in articular cartilage thus resident chondrocytes serves as the progenitor cells
72
elastic cartilage
more cell and matric than hyaline, has a periochondrium
73
fibrocartilage
no perichondrium, little gound substancem mostly fibers (type 1 & 2) , ex pubic symphysis and intervertebral disks
74
periosteum attached to compact bone via
sharpey's fibers
75
osteocytes derrived from
mesenchymal cells
76
osteoclasts derrived from
macrophages
77
osteoclasts activated by
PTH - increases bone resorption
78
osteoclasts inhibited by
calcitonin ( produced from parafollicular cells) which decrease bone resorption
79
type of collage in bone
type 1
80
bone has more organic or inorganic material
inorganic - hydroyapatite = 65%
81
primary bone
woven bone
82
secondary bone
lamellar bone
83
desmosomes join osteons together at
cement lines
84
remnants of remodeled osteons
interstitial lamellae
85
intramembranous ossification occurs from what? and where?
bone depositived from connective tissue, growth of diameter of bones and the initiation of growth in the diaphysis, ex. flat bones of the mandible and skull
86
endochondral ossification
ossification from existing cartilage | growth of long bones @ epiphysial plate
87
what percent of total bone replaced yearly by bone remodeling?
10%
88
space formed under osteoclasts?
howships lacunae
89
a bone fracture is invaded by what types of cells?
myofibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts
90
how do bones heal?
by intramembranous and endochondral ossification
91
osteoporosis
osteoclasts> osteoblasts
92
what does estrogen do
antiresorptive- prevent the apoptosis of osteoblasts
93
vitamin d shortage effect on bone
inability to absorb calcium
94
osteopetrosis
deffective osteoclasts thus osteoblasts unopposed
95
what is the protein RANk-L?
expressed on the surface of osteoblasts that can bind to a receptor on monocytes to transform into osteoclasts
96
what nucleus in the hypothalamus produces oxytocin vs. ADH
Oxytocin - paraventricular nucleus | ADH - Supraoptic nucleus
97
secretion of aldosterone from the zona glomerulosa requires ______?
ACTH

Histology Exam Review (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions