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MS2 - Life Cycle > Diseases of the Prostate, Testis, and Penis > Flashcards

Diseases of the Prostate, Testis, and Penis Flashcards

1
Q

The seminiferous tubules are ____________ of each other.

A

independent

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2
Q

The ______________ can fill up with fluid after an injury.

A

tunica vaginalis

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3
Q

The center of the sperm’s flagellum is _______________.

A

microtubule (hence why Kartagener’s leads to infertility)

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4
Q

The “fried egg cells” at the periphery of the seminiferous tubules are _______________.

A

spermatogonia

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5
Q

The most common spot that undescended testes get stuck is ________________.

A

the superficial inguinal canal

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6
Q

Cryptorchidism is most often _____-lateral.

A

uni

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7
Q

What adverse effects may result from cryptorchidism?

A

Germ cell tumors and testicular atrophy

Note: the risk of germ cell tumor remains elevated after surgical correction of cryptorchidism, but it does go down.

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8
Q

Most of the acquired forms of testicular atrophy will display ________________ on histologic examination.

A

lack of stratification of the spermatogonia with widening lumen

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9
Q

End-stage testicular atrophy will show _______________ on microscopy.

A

“Sertoli-only” syndrome

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10
Q

In addition to sclerosis, those with Klinefelter’s will have __________________ in their testes.

A

no elastic fibers and Leydig cell hyperplasia

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11
Q

Part of what makes testicular torsion so painful is ___________________.

A

that the veins get occluded first and arterial blood still pumps in, raising testicular pressure

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12
Q

Epididymitis and orchitis usually result from _______________.

A

UTIs

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13
Q

True or false: mumps orchitis is most often bilateral.

A

False. 70% of the time it is unilateral.

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14
Q

Differentiate orchitis from TB and orchitis from syphilis.

A

TB: usually affects the epididymis first and then the testes
Syphilis: usually affects the testes first and then the epididymis

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15
Q

_______________ causes obliterative arteritis and coagulative of the testes.

A

Syphilis

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16
Q

TB causes ______________ of the testes.

A

caseating granulomas

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17
Q

The vast majority of testicular tumors are ______________.

A

germ cell tumors (which includes many subtypes)

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18
Q

What is the most common presentation of testicular neoplasia?

A

Painless testicular enlargement

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19
Q

If a germ cell tumor fails to develop, it is referred to as ______________.

A

a seminoma

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20
Q

If a germ cell tumor develops, then it can either _________________.

A

become embryonic (a teratoma) or extra-embryonic (yolk sac)

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21
Q

List some features of the most common testicular tumor.

A

Testis seminoma:

  • good prognosis (radiosensitive and chemosensitive)
  • fourth decade of life
  • serum markers negative
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22
Q

Seminomas display what on microscopy?

A

“Emptying” of the seminiferous tubules with new blood vessels cuffed with lymphocytes

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23
Q

Developed testicular tumors (i.e., embryonal) are more often _________________.

A

mixed with seminoma

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24
Q

On gross examination, embryonal tumors will display ________________.

A

variegation: divets, bumps, heterogeneity

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25
Q

Describe how seminomas and embryonal tumors will look under the microscope.

A

Seminomas: “fried-egg look”

Embryonal tumors: high N:C ratio, crowded, occasional rosettes (because they’re trying to form a tubule)

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26
Q

_______________ tend to have a cystic appearance.

A

Teratomas (because teratomas have more mature cells that can form ducts and epithelial lining)

27
Q

Which tumor can make different mature tissues?

A

Teratomas

28
Q

The most common testicular tumor in children is ______________.

A

yolk sac tumor

29
Q

Yolk sac tumors make ________________.

A

alpha-feto protein

30
Q

The most aggressive type of testicular tumor is _____________.

A

choriocarcinoma (frequent metastasis)

31
Q

A pregnancy test will be positive in a man who has ________________.

A

choriocarcinoma

32
Q

The most common testicular tumor in men over 60 is _____________.

A

lymphoma

33
Q

Most Leydig cell tumors are _______________.

A

benign (although some can have masculinization or feminization)

34
Q

The most common penile malignancy is _________________.

A

squamous cell carcinoma (of the skin)

35
Q

Normally, the prostate is about the size of a __________.

A

walnut

36
Q

BPH only occurs in the ________________.

A

transition zone (in the central prostate)

37
Q

Once again, the seminal vesicles are _____________ to the ducturs deferencs.

A

lateral

38
Q

What is prostate sand?

A

Secretions that get trapped in the prostate ducts and calcify (normal with aging)

39
Q

There are two forms of acute and chronic prostatitis: _______________.

A

bacterial and abacterial

40
Q

The most common etiology of acute prostatitis is _________________.

A

Escherichia coli from UTI

41
Q

What can cause chronic prostatitis?

A

Unclear etiology:

  • diet (amines from cooked red meat)
  • occult infection
42
Q

BPH presents with enlargement of two of kinds of tissue: _________________.

A

glandular and stromal

43
Q

How does BPH lead to renal failure?

A

Post-renal hydrostatic pressure can increase to the point where glomerular filtration is impaired.

44
Q

What are the three leading causes of cancer death in men?

A

Lung
Prostate
Colon

45
Q

Prostate cancer most strongly correlates with _____________.

A

Race (more common in blacks and whites)
Age (more common with age)
Genetics

46
Q

The gold standard for diagnosing prostate cancer is _______________.

A

blind, random biopsies (only 50% sensitive)

47
Q

Prostate cancer is multi-_______________.

A

focal; in fact, some prostate cancers start as multifocal but coalesce together and display molecular heterogeneity

48
Q

Some prostate cancers start as ______________.

A

intraepithelial neoplasia

49
Q

How is Gleeson scoring done?

A

You take the highest grade plus the second highest grade and add them together –so the lowest score possible is 2 and the highest is 10.

50
Q

What embryonic tissue gives rise to the prostate?

A

Posterior urogenital sinus

51
Q

Describe the two layers of epithelium in the prostate.

A

Basal cuboidal layer and glandular columnar layer

52
Q

How common is BPH?

A

Very! Roughly 50% of men in their 50s, 60% of men in their 60s, etc.

53
Q

True or false: mumps frequently leads to infertility in males.

A

False.

54
Q

Which germ cell tumor is more common in older men?

A

Spermatocytic seminoma (less aggressive)

55
Q

The testicular tumor that has a maze-like network secretes what?

A

Alpha-fetoprotein (being yolk sac tumor)

56
Q

The transitional zone of the prostate is on the __________ side.

A

anterior

57
Q

The central zone of the prostate surrounds the ___________.

A

ejaculatory ducts

58
Q

Importantly, the bone lesions found in prostate cancer are _____________.

A

osteoblastic, meaning they will be extra dense (as opposed to most other cancers which have osteoclastic/osteolytic bone lesions)

59
Q

Mumps orchitis usually presents _________ after parotid involvement.

A

1 week

60
Q

Which inflammatory cell types often appear in syphilis?

A

Plasma cells

61
Q

Testis seminoma is most common in the __________ decade of life.

A

fourth

62
Q

Which testicular tumor is most common in the third decade of life?

A

Embryonal

63
Q

The two most common types of testicular tumors in children are ________________.

A

teratomas and yolk sac tumors

64
Q

How is testicular cancer staged?

A

I: confined to testis
II: spread to retroperitoneal nodes
III: spread beyond retroperitoneal nodes

MS2 - Life Cycle (61 decks)

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