disorders of pregnancy and puerperium Flashcards
(223 cards)
1
Q
sex glands of dog
A
prostate
2
Q
sex glands of pig
A
- bulbourethral
- prostate
- seminal vesicles
3
Q
sex glands cat
A
- bulbourethral
- prostate
4
Q
sex glands of ruminant
A
- bulbourethral
- prostate
- seminal vesicles
- ampulla
5
Q
varicose haemangioma defien
A
benign proliferation of blood vessles
6
Q
species that get varicose haemangioma
A
- dogs
- boar
7
Q
tunica vaginalis continuous with
A
peritoneum
8
Q
2 layers of tunica vaginalis
A
- visceral
- parietal
9
Q
2 reasons penile hypoplasia
A
- early castration
- intersex
10
Q
define balanitis
A
inflammation of glans penis
11
Q
define posthitis
A
inflammation of prepuce
12
Q
define balanoposthitis
A
inflammation of both glans penis and prepuce
13
Q
what virus most commonly associated with balanoposthitis
A
herpesvirus
14
Q
lesions on penis are generally due to
A
viral infection
15
Q
viral vesicles on penis what happens to them
A
- rupture to become ulcers
- heal without problem unless 2* bacterial infection
16
Q
pizzle rot another name (sheep)
A
ulcerative posthitis
17
Q
ulcerative posthitis sheep caused by
A
corynebacterium renale
18
Q
what sheep predisposed to ulcerative postitis
A
castrated
19
Q
why castrated sheep predisposed to ulcerative posthitis (3)
A
- hypolpasia of penis and prepuce
- weeing in prepuce
- high protein diet causes high urea content in wee which bacteria love
20
Q
in ulcerative posthitis bacteria break urea down into what using what
A
- ammonia using urease
21
Q
ammonia and the prepuce ulcerative posthitis causes
A
necrosis and ulceration of prepuce
22
Q
severe ulcerative posthitis causes
A
prepuce to slough and may loose urethral process
23
Q
ulcerative posthitis can cause death by
A
- blocking preputial orifice cauing urinary retention and death
24
Q
healing of ulcerative posthitis after 2* bacterial infection
A
heals with fibrosis and phimosis
25
parasites can cause what in male horses
cutaneous habronemiasis or summer sores
26
appearance of cutaneous habronemiasis
exuberant granulation tissue formation
| can look like sarcoids
27
how get cutaneous habroneniasis steps
flies deposit larvae around the penis and prepuce
| migration of larvae causes exuberent granulation tissue formation
28
most commin neoplasia of penis and prepuce
squamous cell carcinoma
29
squamous cell carcinoma penis/prepuce associated with (2)
- novel papilloma virus
| - UV damage
30
appearance squamous cell carcinomas penis (3)
- cauliflower like
- low grade malignancy
- keratin pearls microscopically
31
fibropapilloma bull penis caused by
bovine papillomavirus type 1
32
fibropapilloma bull prognosis
- will regress with age
| - complications if 2* infection or penile obstruction
33
transmissible venereal tumour dog appearance
- caudal portion of penis
- prone to ulceration
- cauliflower like appearance
34
6 causes testicular degeneration
- temperature
- low scrotal blood supply
- nutrition
- drugs
- radiation
- hormonal interferance
35
testicular degeneration appearance (2)
- small
| - firm due to being fibrotic or granulosa formation
36
define orchitis
inflammation of testicles
37
orchitis can be (2)
- interstitial
| - intertubular
38
appearance interstitial cell tumour dog (2)
- single or multiple
| - yellowish greasy or haemorrhagic masses
39
interstitial cell tumour dogs testes usually
benign
40
most common testicular tumour in horses
seminoma
41
seminoma derived from
spermatagonia
42
appearance seminoma (5)
- unilateral and single
- swelling
- pain
- soft cream mass
- bulges at cut surface
43
seminomas are usually
benign
44
sertoli cell tumours are usually in
cryptorchid testicles
45
sertoli cell tumour appearance (5)
- unilateral
- firm
- fibrous white connective tissue bands separate lobules
- white to brown in colour
- may contain cysts
46
epididymitis appearance (2)
- enlarged epididymis
| - abscess or granuloma formation
47
epididymitis complications
if abscess or granuloma ruptures surrounding tissue can inflame
48
funiculitis define
inflammation of spermatic cord
49
funiculitis often due to
contamination from open wounds
50
funiculitis horse development (3)
- acute and necrotising
- causes scirrhous cord
- exuberant granulation tissue and weeping fistulas
51
define vesicular adenitis
inflammation of seminal vesicle and bulbourethral glands
52
vesicular adenitis commonly caused by in bulls and rams
brucella ovis
53
metaplasia of the prostate define
change of glandular epithelium to squamous epithelium
54
where is metaplasia of prostate gland seen
digs with sertoli cell tumours
55
inflammation of prostate common in
older dogs if infection complicates hyperplasia
56
appearance inflammation of the prostate (3)
- asymmetrical enlargement
- can contain abcesses
- cut surface white due to accumulation of whit blood cells
57
prostate gland neoplasia called
adenocarcinoma
58
appearance prostate gland adenocarcinoma (3)
- asymmetrically enlarged
- fixed to adjacent tissues
- histologically foci of hyperplasia near neoplastic tissue
59
prognosis prostate gland adenocarcinoma
not great
60
define eutocia
normal partuition
61
define prodrome
pre partuant stage or early signs of partuition
62
define purpureum
period after partuition when uterus returns to normal
63
stage 1 partuition (3)
- positioning of foetus
- dilation of cervix
- foetal membranes exposed through vulva
64
stage 2 partuition
expulsion of foetus
65
stage 3 partuition
expulsion of placenta
66
length stage 1 parturition cow
6 hours
67
length stage 1 parturition mare
1-4 hours
68
length stage 1 parturition ewe and doe
2-6 hours
69
length stage 1 parturition sow
2-12 hours
70
length stage 1 parturition bitch
2-12 hours
71
length stage 1 parturition queen
2-12 hours
72
length stage 2 parturition cow
0.5 - 4 hours
73
length stage 2 parturition mare
0.1-1 hour
74
length stage 2 parturition ewe and doe
1 hour
75
length stage 2 parturition sow
4 hours
76
length stage 2 parturition bitch
6 hours
77
length stage 2 parturition queen
4 hours
78
length stage 3 parturition cow
6 hours
79
length stage 3 parturition mare
1-2 hours
80
length stage 3 parturition ewe and doe
3 hours
81
length stage 3 parturition sow
1-4 hours
82
length stage 3 parturition bitch and queen
NA as comes out with stage 2
83
braught breed or ponie more likely to dystocia
draught breeds
84
beef or dairy breeds dystocia
beef
85
2 maternal considerations with dystocia
- expulsion
| - birth canal
86
uterine straining and dystocia
can be deficient or inadequate
87
uterine inertia and dystocia 2 causes
- primary
| - secondary
88
with expulsion 2 considerations dystocia
- uterine inertia
| - straining
89
2 considerations birth canal and dystocia
- failure of cervical soft tissues and ligamets relaxation causing uterine torsion
- inadequate pelvic diatmeter
90
2 foetal considerations dystocia
- foetal size
| - disposition
91
foetal size and dystocia
- too large
| - monster
92
foetal disposition and dystocia (3)
abonrmal
- position
- posture
- presentation
93
which animal lies down throughout parturition
pigs
94
which animals stand for partuition and lie down for actual birth
- cow
- mare
- ewe
95
if you see injuries during internal exam then
tell the farmer so he cant blame you
96
withdrawal reflex calf foetus
pinch between digits should withdraw limb
97
suckle reflex calf foetus
put hand in mouth it should suckle
98
3 reflexes to see if calf still alive partuition
- withdrawel reflex
- suckle reflex
- rectal reflex
99
how feel heartbeat in a forward facing calf during partuition
slide hand down chest
100
how feel calf pulse if backward at partuition
feel for pulse in umbilical cord
101
rectal reflex calf foetus
put finger in anus it should contract
102
define foetotomy
cut calf up then pull out the bits
103
how to check if calf can come out in partuition
2 people pulling should get carpal joint 10cm out as then the shoulders are in the pelvic canal
104
how to check if double muscle cow can come out at partuition
1 person pulling should get carpal joint out 10 cm
105
how to deliver a calf
once head is through rotate 9-* so hips come through at widest point of pelvis
106
how to put calving chains on
loop of chain above fetlock then half hitch below it
107
how to deliver caudal presentation
- dilate vulva and vagine manually
- check umbilical cord doesnt snap
- if can pull hock out 10cm with 2 people then it will fit
108
define presentation partuition
relationship of longitudinal axis of calf and mum
109
3 presentations partuition
- longitudinal anterior
- longitudinal posterior
- transverse
110
define position partuition
relationship between dorsal surface of foetus and birth canal
111
3 positions partuition
- dorsal
- ventral
- lateral
112
define dorsal position partuition
- normal
| - back against top of birth canal
113
define ventral position partuition
back of calf against floor of birth canal
| normal throughout parturition but should flip at partuition
114
define posture partuition
disposition of movable appendages
| - limb flexion, neck flexion, head displacments
115
define ankylosis
stiff or rigid joints of foetus
116
define hydrops
oedema of placenta
117
define hydrocephalus
accumulation of spinal fluid in brain
118
define anasarca
calf turned inside out
119
torsion of uterus presents as what in cows
dystocia
120
most uterine torsions are what direction
counterclockwise
121
treatment uterine torsion
- figure out what way its going
| - roll cow
122
main risk of cervical vaginal prolapse
infection
123
8 predisposing factors to cervical/vaginal prolapse
- low or high body condition score
- high roughage diet or rumen fill
- twins
- high oestrogen
- lack of exercise
- urinary retention
- breed
- age
124
tx vaginal prolapse
- harness to increase strain on pelvic floor
- spoon to push down on vaginal floor and stop straining held in place with harness
- suture closed
125
a suture pattern used to stop vaginal prolapse
buhner suture
| - like a purse string
126
cause of uterine prolapse
hypocalcaemia
127
tx uterine prolapse
- emergency
- support prolapse to stop tears
- epidural to stop straining
- remore all foetal membranes
- frog position (sitting with legs pulled back behind)
- sugar can help shrink it
- replace ensuring tip of horns in place can use lube bottle
128
pig placenta
diffuse epitheliochorial
129
sheep placenta
cotyledonary epitheliochorial
130
goat placenta
cotyledonary epitheliochorial
131
horse placenta
diffuse epithiliochorial
132
cow placenta
cotyledonary epitheliochorial
133
alpaca placenta
diffuse epitheliochoiral
134
gestation length pig
114
135
gestation length sheep
145
136
gestation length goat
150
137
gestation length horse
330
138
gestation length alpaca
343
139
3 events in puerperium
- uterine and cervical involution
- regeneration of endometrium
- removal of bugs from repro tract
140
involution is complete by (cow)
26-50 days post partum
141
in uterine regeneratuion what causes caruncles to undergo degenerative change
vasoconstriction causes ischaemia
142
how caruncular tissue leaves in uterine regeneration
necrosis and sloughing
143
sloughing of caruncular tissue causes what during uterine regeneration
lochial tissue
144
uterine regeneration complete by
day 25 post partum
145
2 methods eliminate bacteria during uterine regeneration
- leukocytes phagocytose bugs and release cytokines to initiate a response
- uterine secretions dilute the bacteria and provides a barrier to the endometrium. uterine contractions then expel the discharge
146
when uterus 100% sterile postpartum
8-9 weeks
147
GnRH postpartum pituitary
pituitary is resistant to GnRH immediatly post partum due to the high P4 during pregnancy
148
when FSH released post partum
7-10 days
149
what delays start of cyclical activity
suckling
150
what breaks down caruncle cotyledon bond (2)
- collagenase
| - proteases
151
what need for placental expulsion
- mature placenta
- detached foetal/maternal villi
- utrine contractions
- PF2alpha
- IL8
152
placental retention causes (3)
- metritis
- toxaemia
- not bad otherwise
153
tx retained placenta (3)
- treat for metritis or toxaemia
- do not force it out
- collagenase infusion into stumps can help
154
define endometritis
infection of endometrium and stratum spongiosum
155
clinical signs endometritis
- no systemic illness
| - leukocytes in discharge
156
define metritis
infection of deeper layers of uterus
157
clinical signs metritis (4)
- mild-severe systemic illness
- pus
- fluid filled distended uterus
- sore and swollen inflamed vagina
158
indicator of uterine infection post partum
over 18% neutrophils in discharge 33 days post partum
159
tx metritis (3)
- supportive
- antibiotics
- uterine lavage
160
4 pro reasons for castrating males FA
- prevent unplanned pregnancies so can mix with females
- reduce male on male aggression so can house together
- reduce aggression to people handling them
- reduces meat taint
161
2 cons male FA castration
- loose potential breeders-
| - can reduce feed conversion and growth rates so get fatter animals
162
law anaestheisia goat catration
meed after 2 month old
163
law anaesthesia ram castration
need after 3 months old
164
best to castrate calves when and why
younger as growth check is less severe then
165
3 methods for castrating rams, calves and kids
- elastrator rubber rings
- burdizzo bloodless castration
open castration
166
when must elastrator ring be used for castration
in first week after birth
167
how long takes for testes to drop of using elastrator rubber ring
2-3 weeks
168
4 complications of open castration
- haemorrhage
- infection
- herniation
- gut tie
169
what do you crush with burdizzo in bloodless castration
spermatic cords
170
where crush with burdizzo
2 points 1 cm apart and 4 cm above testicles in each side. stagger the points and dont crush the middle as this is where blood supply is
171
pros of burdizzo bloodless castration
no sepsis as scrotal skin remains intact
172
5 cons bloodless castration
- painful
- scrotal ischaemia and necrosis if damage blood supply
- crushing sigmoid flexure
- incomplete castration
- high failure rate
173
what should testes feel like after bloodless castration
2 small hard masses
174
5 reasons for caesarean
- foetal-maternal disproportion
- incomplete dilation of cervix
- irreducible uterine torsion
- foetal deformity
- faulty foetal disposition
175
most frequent reason for caesarean
foetal maternal disproportion
176
4 needs for standing caesarean
- halter on cow standing in corner with right flank against wall
- bulldogs in nose
- rope on right hind leg
- tail tied to hind leg
177
5 needs for recumbent caesarean
- cast or use xylazine
- clenbuterol
- tail tied
- hobble legs
- semi lateral recumbency with bale behind shoulder
178
how exteriorise uterus of cow caesarean
grasp hindleg below hock and rotate can push calf away as you pull
179
where cut/rip calves umbilical cord caesarean
make sure its not too close to the naval
180
suture pattern to close uterus post cow caesarean
continuous inverting or utrecht pattern
181
main indicator of reproductive performance in pigs
pigs per sow per year
182
age at which gilts are mated
8 months
183
weaning to oestrus interval pig
under 7 days
184
normal gilt litter size
14
185
normal weaning to farrowing interval
122 days
186
longevity of breeding sow
8 pariety
187
gilts mated on what oestrus
3rd
188
how induce farrowing pig
mix of prostaglandin and oxytocin
189
at what paritiety will litter size normally dip
2
190
why litter size dip at 2nd pariety
due to poor nutritional plane and not being able to keep up with reproductive demand
191
aim for pigs per sow per year
24
192
how many litters per year (pig)
2.4
193
target pig litter size
11.5
194
target culling rate pig
35%
195
when foetus immune system work
day 70 in uterus
196
how many embryos needed to get pig pregnant
8
197
how many foetuses pig needs to maintain pregnancy
4
198
if piglets born dead and different sizes it indicates
infectious cause
199
if piglets born dead all same size indicates
something affected whole uterus at once e.g stress or fever
200
foetal ossification pigs when
day 35-40
201
eyes of piglet prepartum death
sunken with blue cornea
202
eyes piglet died intrapartum
bulging
203
eyes piglet died postpartum
normal
204
organs piglet death prepartum
variable autolysis
205
organs piglet death intrapartum
oedema
206
organs piglet death post partum
autolysis
207
6 things to look at to determine time of piglet death. prepartum, intrapartum or post partum
- eyes
- organs
- feet
- meconium
- lungs
- umbilicus
208
calculation gestational age of pig in days
21 + (3 x crown to rump length in cm)
209
define agalactia
failure to let down milk
210
ergot poisoning causes 3 things in mamary
- poor development
- no response to oxytocin
- agalactia
211
coliform mastitis caused by (pigs)
coliform bacteria like E. coli
212
coliform mastitis appearance (4)
- anorexia
- pyrexia
- decreased milk production
- hot swollen hard udder
213
3 tx coliform mastitis
- antibiotics
- NSAIDs
- oxytocin to encourage milk let down
214
pyogenic mastitis appearance (3)
- hard
- pendulous
- permanent milk loss
215
2 causes of pyogenic mastitis
- streptococci
| - staphylococci
216
piglet needs body temp of what when first born
30*C
217
piglet temp can drop too what in first 30 min out of womb
20*C
218
how long takes for piglet to regain temp after its fallen
10 days
219
piglet that has suckled needs temperature of
24*C
220
spay leg thought to be due to (pig)
congenital muscle weakness in adductor muscle of hind leg
221
define atresia ani
no visible anus
222
tx atresia ani
if bulging can cut through and make one
223
define epitheliogenesis imperfecta (pig)
congenital abnormality where piglet born with raw patches of flesh with skin curling up around edges
