infertility Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
fertile cow define
A
one that meets fertility criteria set for a herd or unit
2
Q
sub-fertile cow define
A
one that does not meet the targets for the herd or group
3
Q
oestrus cow how many days between
A
every 18-24 days
4
Q
2 congenital causes of no observed oestrus
A
ovarian aplasia or hypoplasia
5
Q
most common cause of ovarian aplasia
A
freematinism
6
Q
in freemartinism what stops female genitalia forming
A
mularian duct inhibiting factor
7
Q
cow test tube test how deep normal cow
A
10cm
8
Q
cow test tube test how deep in freemartin
A
4-5 cm
9
Q
follicle diameter during anoestrus
A
1.5 cm
10
Q
milk progesterone levels and anoesstrus
A
low when tested every 10 days
11
Q
how does inadequate nutrition cause acyclicity
A
- causes low IGF-1 –> low GnRH secretion –> low response to GnRH in pituitary –> decreased ovary activity
12
Q
BCS cow should be at calving down
A
2.5 to 3
13
Q
tx anoestrus cow
A
- wait till milk yields fall and +ve energy balance returns
- try to increase energy intake
- start on hormones (work better with increased energy)
14
Q
define ovarian cyst
A
fluid filled structure in ovary
15
Q
3 abnormal structures in ovary
A
- luteinized follicles
- follicular cyst
- luteal cysts
16
Q
lutenised follicles seen when
A
early post partum
17
Q
size luteinsed follicle
A
under 2.5cm diameter
18
Q
lutenised follicle how function
A
- seem to function like corpus luteum
- no ovulation
19
Q
leutenised follicle appearance
A
bigger cavity than vacuolated CL
20
Q
follicular cysts wall
A
thin walls less than 3mm
21
Q
follicular cyst size
A
over 2.5cm diameter
22
Q
appearance follicular cyst
A
fluid filled
23
Q
follicular cyst formed from
A
anovulatory mature follicle
24
Q
luteal cyst wall thickness
A
over 3mm
25
luteal cyst size
over 2.5cm diameter
26
luteal cyst appearance
fluid filled
27
luteal cyst produces
progesterone
28
luteal cyst formed from
anovulatory mature follicle
29
luteal cyst numbers
usually alone
30
follicular cyst also known as
true follicular cyst
31
follicular cyst secretes
oestradiol
32
luteinised follicles also known as
inactive cyst
33
follicular cyst clinical signs
- nyphomania
| - acyclicity
34
post calving why more likely to get cysts
LH surge causing ovulation may be absent
35
tx ovarian cysts
- do not burst
- normal and will pass so no tx
- if luteal cysts then PGF2alpha
- if follicular then GnRH or hCG which causes lutenisation then PGF2alpha or CIDR for 10-12 days
36
persistent CL associated with
pyometra
37
how often check cow oestrus
3 times a day for 20-30 minutes, especially from 9-10pm
38
a regular oestrus return can be due to (2)
- no fertilisation
| - early embryonic death
39
an irregular oestrus return can be due to (2)
- late embryonic death
| - early foetal death
40
early returns to oestrus are due to (1)
incorrect identification of oestrus
41
4 predisposing factors to endometritis
- nutrition
- retained foetal membranes
- longer/shorter gestation length
- dystocia
42
3 common pathogenic causes endometritis cow
- arcanobacterium pyogenes
- E. coli
- fusobacterium
43
tx endometritis
- if CL present then give PGF
| - if no CL then give intrauterine cephalosporin
44
at what stage preganancy does brucella abortus cause cow abortion
6-9 months
45
at what stage of pregnancy does leptospira spp cause abortion cow
6-9 months
46
usual calving interval
365 days
47
gestation period cow
280 days
48
voluntary waiting period cow post partum
42 days
49
calving to first service interval normal
65 days
50
conception rate define
% of inseminations that become pregnant
51
interferance level for calving to first service interval
over 75 days
52
calving - conception interval interference level
over 95 days
53
target for conception rate at first service
60%
54
to look at oestrus detection look at
time between inseminations for cows done more than once. should be 21 days
55
milk progesterone at service should be
low
56
define Q sum graph
mark each cow if it got pregnant or not form insemination
| down if not and up if did. can show trends
57
define 120 day in calf rate
% cows in calf 120 days post partum
58
define 210 day not in calf rate
% of cows not in calf at day 210 post partum
59
target 120 day in calf rate
over 64%
60
target 210 day not in calf rate
below 7%
61
define fecundity sheep
number of lambs a ewe hasper pregnancy
62
define survival rate
number lambs that survive to weaning
63
lambing %
number of lambs reared per 100 ewes put to ram
64
poor ovulation will show in records as
increased single lambs
65
pineal gland found where
a few cm above pituitary gland
66
pineal gland produces
melatonin
67
when is melatonin produced in mare
during darkness
68
melatonin actions in mare
inhibits GnRH secretion
69
where horse ovaries
beneath 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae
70
length uterine horn hprse
25 cm
71
uterine body horse length
18-20 cm
72
uterine body horse diameter
10cm
73
horse cervix dimensions
- 7cm long
| - 4cm diameter
74
cervix horse dimensions
- 20cm long
| - 12cm diameter
75
age of puberty spring born fillies
12 months
76
autumn born fillies age of puberty
14-17 months
77
what does horse uterus secrete to stop CL
prostaglandin
78
oestrus cycle mare lasts
21 days
79
where semen deposited in horse
through open cervix
80
where fertilisation occur in horse
proximal end of fallopian tube
81
what happens to unfertilised ova of horse
stays in fallopian tube degenerating over 7-8 months
82
how do embryos move into the uterine horn
by producing oestrogen from a capsule
83
what day does fertilised ova enter uterus
day 5 after ovulation
84
day 14 of fertilised ovum horse
formed globular blastocyst 1.3 cm diameter
85
day 21 after ovulation fertilised horse
6x7cm pear shaped with embryo at the rounded end
86
when allantoisis form in horse
day 21 of foetal growth
87
when trus chorioallantois placenta form in horse
day 40
88
day on which eCG is produced
day 37
89
day on which horse foetus has foetal organs in rudimentary form
day 30
90
day be which foetus horse has eyelids
day 40
91
day by which horse has lips, nostrils and developing feet
day 60
92
day be which horse foetus has hooves and mammary glands present
day 90
93
day at which external genettalia and orbital areas are visible horse
day 120
94
equine placenta is
diffuse epitheliochorial
95
innate immunity of horse repro tract (5)
- cervical barrier
- downward conformation allowing drainage
- vaginal epithelium
- myometrial tone
- contraction of uterus
96
define hippomane
flat soft oval structure made of desquamated epithelial cells in allantoic fluid that has a high concentration in nitrogen, calcium, phosphorous, sodium, potassium and nitrogen
97
horse 2nd corpus leuteum does what
produces progesterone to help maintain pregnancy
98
gestation period horse
340 days
99
horses are usually born in the
night
100
teats and partuition horse
- before partuition youll see increased udder size
| - a waxy secretion will be produced by teats and sit on the tips of them
101
7 signs of first stage labour
- anxious
- restless
- low grade pain
- sweating
- getting down then getting up again
- rolling
- frequent small volume urination
102
horse start 2nd stage of labour when
- chorioallantois is ruptured (first water bag) there will be a gush of light brown yellowish fluid
103
foal heart rate is in first few hours birth
40-80
104
asphyxiated foal heart rate is
at first bradycardic then tachycardic
105
need a clinical exam if foal takes how long to stand
over 2 hours
106
average suckling rate first 2 weeks horse
4-5 times per hour
107
indicator of insufficient milk production in horse
foal doesn't go to lie down and sleep after suckling
108
time meconium usually passed by foal
before 4 days usually in first 24 hours
109
meconium in amnion or liquid meconium are signs of what in foal
foetal distress needs examining
110
mare first post partum oestrus is
7-10 days post partum
111
muscle attached to testicles
cremaster muscle
112
accessory sex glands of the horse
- seminal vesicles
- prostate
- bulbourethral
113
horse penis type
musculocavernosus
114
time to make horse sperm
57 days
115
define gonadal dysgenesis (horse)
chromosomal abnormalities in infertile or subfertile stallions
116
cryptorchid stallions colloquially known as
rigs
117
acute testicular torsion horse define
rotation of more than 180* of testicle
118
acute testicular torsion clinical signs horse (2)
- signs of acute colic
| - swelling of testicle and scrotum
119
acute testicular torsion horse tx
urgent surgical correction
120
2 complication of traumatic injury to penis/prepuce
- deviation of penis associated with fibrosis and adhesion formation
- damage to vascular system of corpus cavernosum
121
epididymal injury can result in
obstructions and sperm free ejaculate
122
tx epididymal obstruction
- massage via rectum
| - induce sexual excitement and ejaculation till its sperm rich
123
equine allantoic fluid colour changes
from clear yellow to turbid brown or yellowish brown
124
define urospermia
urine in the ejaculation
125
define azospermia
no sperm in ejaculate
126
define oligospermia
decreased numbers of sperm in the ejaculate
127
causes of oligospermia
testicular atrophy
128
cause of equine contagious metritis
tayorella equigenitalis
129
horse position for assisted delivery
standing to reposition foal
| - lying down for actual birth
130
if horse doesnt lie down to expel foetus what has to be done
- bo ready to support foal
| - give traction as the contractions arent as strong when shes standing
131
pregnancy detection horses day 7
teased 7 days after mating to look for early oestrus returns
132
vaginascope appearance in exam of pregnant mare at day 14-17
cervix tightly closed, pale and dry
133
horse foetus can be seen on what day with ultrasound
day 19-20
134
when can gender be seen in horse by ultrasound
day 65-70
135
what 2 pathogens are breeding stallions tested for
- equine viral arterivirus
| - equine infectious anaemia
136
horse position for assisted delivery
standing to reposition foal
| - lying down for actual birth
137
if horse doesnt lie down to expel foetus what has to be done
- bo ready to support foal
| - give traction as the contractions arent as strong when shes standing
138
pregnancy detection horses day 7
teased 7 days after mating to look for early oestrus returns
139
vaginascope appearance in exam of pregnant mare at day 14-17
cervix tightly closed, pale and dry
140
horse foetus can be seen on what day with ultrasound
day 19-20
141
when can gender be seen in horse by ultrasound
day 65-70
142
what 2 pathogens are breeding stallions tested for
- equine viral arterivirus
| - equine infectious anaemia
