DISTAL LIMB

Question 1

Where would you administer the palmar digital nerve block

Answer 1

Pattern region

Question 2

How can you palpate the position for the palmar digital nerve block

Answer 2

Neurovascular bundle abaxial to the flexor tendons

Question 3

What does the digital palmar nerve block desensitise

Answer 3

Hoof region except the dorsal coronary band

Question 4

Where do you insert the palmar digital nerve block

Answer 4

Abaxial surface of the proximal sesamoid bones

Question 5

What structures do you palpate for the abaxial sedamoid nerve block

Answer 5

Neurovascular bundles over the proximal sesamoid bones

Question 6

What does the abaxial sesamoid nerve block desensitise?

Answer 6

The digit and caudal fetlock joint

Question 7

When should you not administer regional anaesthesia

Answer 7

Animals with:
Severe tendon injury
Suspected fracture
Localised infection

Question 8

What are the 4 synovial joint places in horses

Answer 8

1. PIP
2. MCP
3. DIP
4. Common flexor tendon sheath

Question 9

Where are the extensor tendons of the digits found

Answer 9

Dorso lateral aspect

Question 10

What innervates the extensor of the digits in forelimb

Answer 10

Radial nerve

Question 11

What is the main extensor tendon of the digits in forelimb

Answer 11

Common digital extensor
(They do have lateral extensor but not really in horses as they only have one digit)

Question 12

Where are the extensor tendons found in the hindlimb

Answer 12

Dorsal lateral aspect

Question 13

What innervates the extensor tendons in the hindlimb?

Answer 13

Fibula nerve

Question 14

What is the main digital extensor tendon in the hindlimb

Answer 14

Long digital extensor
(There is a lateral digital extensor but horses only have one toe)

Question 15

Where are the flexor tendons of the digits located

Answer 15

Palmar aspect

Question 16

Where is the SDFT located?

Answer 16

Subcutaneous and palpable
From hock and at P2 splits into two

Question 17

What is the function of the SDFT

Answer 17

Stabilises fetlock joint
Flexes whole digit

Question 18

Where is the DDFT

Answer 18

Runs deep to SDFT
Starts at same place as SDFT but goes down to P3
Inserts on distal phalanx of each functional digit

Question 19

What is the function of the DDFT

Answer 19

Stabilises fetlock joint

Question 20

What is the manica flexoria

Answer 20

The DDFT goes more distal than the SDFT so needs to go through it
The SDFT splits into two and DDFT goes through tube it created

Question 21

What is the difference in the interosseus muscle in different animals

Answer 21

Dogs/ cats —> muscular
Horses —> tendonous

Question 22

Where does suspensory ligament divide

Answer 22

Just above fetlock joint into branches on each sesamoid bone

Question 23

Which limb is accessory (check) ligament more prominent

Answer 23

Forelimb

Question 24

What is the function of the accessory (check) ligaments

Answer 24

Ligament of SDFT connects tendon to radius
Ligament of DDFT connects tendon to carpal region

Question 25

What are annular ligaments

Answer 25

Thickenings on fascia Stabilises tendons

Question 26

What allows cats to retract the claws

Answer 26

Dorsal elastic ligament

Question 27

What nerves supply to the extensors of the digits

Answer 27

Radial nerve

Question 28

What nerves supply to the flexors of the digits

Answer 28

Ulnar Median

Question 29

How does the palmar digital nerve block work

Answer 29

Desensitises hoof structures other than coronary band Palpate Neurovascular bundles abaxial to flexor tendons

Question 30

How does the abaxial sesamoid nerve block work?

Answer 30

Palpate Neurovascular bundles over proximal sesamoid bones Desensitise digit and caudal aspect of the fetlock joint

Question 31

How do you block fibula nerve on hindlimb

Answer 31

Block dorsal and plantar aspect

Question 32

How do you block dorsal supply in forelimb

Answer 32

Can be blocked on palmar aspect

Question 33

What is important about the vasculature of digits in ruminants

Answer 33

Dorsal supply Dorsal common digital vein can be used for IV access Stump of axial palmar artery bleeds on amputation of digit so ,just be ligated

Question 34

In ruminants which claw takes more weight

Answer 34

Lateral claw

Question 35

In front feet which claw in ruminants is bigger

Answer 35

Media;

Question 36

In ruminants himd feet which claw is bigger

Answer 36

Lateral clawwhat

Question 37

What is the white line

Answer 37

Unpigmented joim between inner hoof wall and sole

Question 38

What is the periodic epidermis

Answer 38

Thin membrane that grows from outer edge of coronary band down the hoof wall Produces a thin waxy waterproof cover

Question 39

What are the two layers of claw horn

Answer 39

Living dermis Epidemis

Question 40

What is the dermis like on hoof of ruminants

Answer 40

Living tissue Blood vessel s Nerve supply

Question 41

What is the epidermis of hoof like on ruminants

Answer 41

Inner part has living cells producing horn Outer part is dead horn

Question 42

How quickly does the wall horn grow

Answer 42

5mm a month

Question 43

What length should the foot horn be in ruminants

Answer 43

90mm

Question 44

How is horn formed

Answer 44

Keratinsatiom (differentiation of living epidermal cells) Cornficiagiom (programmed cell death of living epidermal cells) This final product makes home

Question 45

What is different between between hoof in pigs and cows

Answer 45

In pigs, wall is straight not bent mediallynat toe In pigs soft bulb is well distanced from the wall and sole

Question 46

How does the suspensory apparatus work in cows

Answer 46

Collagen fibre bundle holds and supports P3 within hoof capsule Underneath P3 is an interdigital fat pad cushion

Question 47

Where does the suspensory ligament divide into two branches

Answer 47

Just proximal to fetlock joint

Question 48

What tissue makes up the footpads

Answer 48

Subcutis Adipose tissue Collagen Elastic tissue

Question 49

What is the function of the foot pads

Answer 49

Supports animals weight Distributed weight Friction

Question 50

What structure enables cats to retract their claws

Answer 50

Dorsal elastic ligaments

Question 51

What veins/ arteries are there in the distal limb

Answer 51

Lateral and medial digital vein/ artery Medial palmer artery/ vein (and nerve)

Question 52

What is special about the veins in the equine distal limb

Answer 52

No valves In plexuses (congregation of veins) Horses need to move to drain blood back up towards heart

Question 53

How does the epidermis and dermis fit onto one another in hoof

Answer 53

Via lamallea

Question 54

Why does laminitis occur?

Answer 54

Failure of adhesion of cells to basement membrane Detachment and deformation of dermal/ epidermal junction

Question 55

How does the hoof grow

Answer 55

In coronary band Dermal papillae (tentacles/ out pouches of dermis) creates tubes of squamae The tubes fit over the papillae Intertubular horn is made by cells in the base of the papillae

Question 56

What are so,e complications that can arise at the white line

Answer 56

Sub solar absess Seedy toe White line disease

Question 57

What is the stratum internum

Answer 57

The layer with the epidermal lamallae

Question 58

What is the stratum medium

Answer 58

Bulk of the hoof wall Layer with horn tubules and intertubular horn

Question 59

What is the stratum externum

Answer 59

Thin, waxy layer of keratin

Question 60

What are the adaptations to help P3 weight load

Answer 60

Suspended from, hoof wall Collagen fibre bundles run between P3 and inner aspect of claw capsule