Inflammation

Question 1

What is inflammation?

Answer 1

An innate immune reaction that ensures immune cells and other substances are brought to the infected area

Question 2

What does inflammation allow to happen:

Answer 2

• destroying or inactivating foreign objects (pathogens)
• injured tissues or cell remnants may be removed
• favourable conditions for healing are provided

Question 3

What are the causes of inflammation?

Answer 3

Heat
Injection
Chemical
Mechanical (injury)

Question 4

What are some outcomes from inflammation/

Answer 4

Asthma
Allergies
Obesity
Oestoarthritie
Autoimmune diseases

Question 5

What is acute inflammation?

Answer 5

Normal response to most injuries
Lasts a few days
Then returns to normal rate
Repair of damage tissues or stimuli solves issue

Question 6

What is chronic inflammation?

Answer 6

Starts as normal response
Wound doesn’t heal bewcyse of foreign body or continuing injection
Weeks, months, years

Question 7

What are some signs of inflammation?

Answer 7

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Lack of function

Question 8

What is the first cell attracted by cytokines during inflammation?

Answer 8

Neutrophils

Question 9

What cytokines do epithelial cells produce during infection

Answer 9

IL1B
TNFA
IL6

Question 10

What does IL1B do?

Answer 10

Activates vascular endothelium
Local tissue destruction
Stimulates IL6

Question 11

What does TNFA do

Answer 11

Activates vascular endothelium
Helps fluid drainage to lymph

Question 12

What does IL6 do?

Answer 12

Lymphocyte activation
Increased antibody production

Question 13

What cytokines for neutrophils produce?

Answer 13

IL1B
TNFA
IL6
IL8

Question 14

What does IL8 do?

Answer 14

Attracts neutrophils and T cells to the infection

Question 15

What is the main role of prostaglandins produced by stimulated epithelium cells

Answer 15

Dilation of blood vessels

Question 16

What are mast cells?

Answer 16

Mast cells are found in loose (areolar) connective tissue throughout the body, in virtually every organ. They play an important role in inducing the inflammatory cascade

Question 17

What does mast cell release

Answer 17

Histamine-
Proteoglicsns
Serine protease (digests specific protein bonds)

Question 18

What does histamine do to blood geeeles

Answer 18

Dilation of blood vessels (warmth/ redness)
Permeability of blood vessels (makes them leaky)
Activates endothelium

Question 19

What are clinical signs of histamine release

Answer 19

Bump and redness
Irritation of nerve endings—> itching and pain

Question 20

What do basophils have a role in

Answer 20

Anaphylactic shock

Question 21

What do blood vessels do near an area of inflammation

Answer 21

Express new receptors (selectin)
WBC has intergrin expressed
Acts as Velcro and sticks WBC to site near inflammation
WBC will travel through gaps to cells

Question 22

What are anti - inflammatory cytokines

Answer 22

Switch off the production and inhibits the effect of pro inflammatory cytokines

Question 23

What are some examples of anti- inflammatory cytokines

Answer 23

IL4
IL10

Question 24

What happens if inflammation not switch off

Answer 24

Granuloma formation

Question 25

What are the common reasons for joint/ cartilage inflammation

Answer 25

Abnormal force/ normal cartilage Normal force/ abnormal cartilage

Question 26

What is oestosrthritie

Answer 26

Progressive detoriatiom articular cartilage associated with changes in bone and soft tissues of joint

Question 27

What happens to joint during osteoarthritis?

Answer 27

Shape change Colour change Active macrophages in synovial Increase in osteoclasts in subchondrium bone

Question 28

What are osteophytes

Answer 28

Bits of new bone formed within the joint to try and stabilise it

Question 29

What are some signs of oestoarthiris?

Answer 29

Fibrillation Wear lines Erosion

Question 30

What do protinases do?

Answer 30

Part of bad osteoarthritis Break down proteins like MMPs, collagen, proteoglycsm

Question 31

How do we diagnose oesteoarhris?

Answer 31

History and physical exam Radiography and ultrasonography Joint fluid analyst MRI/ CT Arthroscopy

Question 32

What are the main goals when treating osteoarthritis?

Answer 32

Block imflammatiry cascade and permit repair Pain relief and long term management Weight control and physical therapy

Question 33

What are the best anti inflammatory drugs

Answer 33

NSAIDs Blocks cycloxygenase, which block inflammatory cascade Given orally Or; May inject steroids into a joint

Question 34

What are some other medicines potentially used for treatment for oestheoarthiris

Answer 34

Hyaluronic acid Pentosam polysulfste Pemtosan polysulfate IRAP —>grow tissue and stimulate interleukin 1 then give back to horse

Question 35

What is Librella

Answer 35

Monoclonal antibodies injected into dog monthly Blocks nerve ending factors Reduce canine OA pain Limit the release of additional NGF and pro-inflammatory mediators Lower neurogenic inflammation