DNA Dependent RNA Transcription

Question 1

Central Dogma in Simplest Form and when does it happen

Answer 1

Transcription Translation
DNA ——————> RNA —————-> Protein

    Replication DNA--------------> DNA

-Happens during G1 and G2 stages

Question 2

3 relationships between DNA, RNA, and Proteins

Answer 2

-Genes specify proteins or RNA products
-Pathway from gene to polypeptide involves transcription and translation
-Genetic code is written in three-letter words using a four letter alphabet (GCAT for DNA, GCAU for RNA)

Question 3

Garrod experiment and when (4)

Answer 3

-1896
-studied Alkaptonuria
-causes developmental delay
-inborn error of metabolism

Question 4

Beadle and Tatum what was studied and when

Answer 4

-1940
-Bread mold
-Suggested a gene produced a polypeptide
-x-rays produced a auxotroph
-Mutant had defective gene for enzyme needed to synthesize a particular nutrient

Question 5

3 parts of a gene

Answer 5

promotor
transcription unit
terminator

Question 6

promotor

Answer 6

-initiates transcription
-starts the sequence
-Like the signs going into a town telling you what’s coming

Question 7

Transcription Unit

Answer 7

portion of gene that is copied into RNA

Question 8

Terminator

Answer 8

Signals the end of transcription of a gene

Question 9

Why is RNA created instead of DNA (4)

Answer 9

-Keeps DNA pristine and inside the Nucleus
-can be amplified
-regulation
-when you cut yourself RNA can copy itself quickly to help clot blood

Question 10

mRNA

Answer 10

messenger

Question 11

tRNA

Answer 11

transfer

Question 12

rRNA

Answer 12

ribosomal

Question 13

snRNA

Answer 13

small nuclear

Question 14

miRNA

Answer 14

miniature

Question 15

what is and why is it called the TATA box

Answer 15

promotor sequence that is made of lots of TA pairs

Question 16

Transcription (3)

Answer 16

-polymerase works the same but RNA doesn’t require a primer
-Certain sequence of nucleotides says where to start and stop
-Before initiation transcription facotrs bind to the TATA box

Question 17

stages of transcription

Answer 17

initiation
elongation
termination

Question 18

Initiation of transcription

Answer 18

RNA polymerase binds to DNA and the double helix begins to unwind

Question 19

Elongation of transcription

Answer 19

RNA polymerase adds RNA nucleotides in the same order as the DNA template

Question 20

Termination of transcription

Answer 20

Enzyme and completed RNA release from the DNA template

Question 21

What to prokaryotes have to do to start transcribing mRNA

Answer 21

have the coding region flanked by 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions

Question 22

What to Eukaryotes have to do to start transcribing mRNA

Answer 22

-have the coding region flanked by 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions
-and add additional noncoding elements

Question 23

Structure of mRNA

Answer 23

Question 24

precursor mRNA

Answer 24

must be processed in nucleus to produce translatable mRNA

Question 25

5' cap

Answer 25

-where ribosomes attach to mRNA -have a hook shape

Question 26

Poly(A) tail

Answer 26

50-250 A nucleotides added tot eh 3' end -Protects mRNA from RNA digesting enzymes

Question 27

What does every protein start with

Answer 27

AUG

Question 28

Introns

Answer 28

-Non-protein-coding sequences in the pre-mRNA -Removed before translation -Alternative Splicing so different versions of mRNA can be produced -Exon shuffling which generates new proteins

Question 29

Exons

Answer 29

-Amino acid coding sequences in pre-mRNA -Joined together in final mRNA

Question 30

What do snRNPs do (4)

Answer 30

binds to introns loop introns out of pre-mRNA clip out introns join exons

Question 31

Alternative splicing

Answer 31

-Exons joined together to produce different mRNAs from the same gene -Causes them to have different functions

Question 32

What does translational initiation do

Answer 32

brings the ribosomal subunits, an mRNA, and the first aminoacyl-tRNA together

Question 33

Where is mRNA translated into Protein (6)

Answer 33

-cytosol -Ribosomes -tRNAs -Amino acids -Translations factors -ER

Question 34

In DNA replication Helicase is an enzyme that

Answer 34

Separates 2 strands of DNA

Question 35

Which is NOT true of DNA polymerase III It synthesizes from 3’ to 5’ It synthesizes from 5’ to 3’

Answer 35

Synthesized DNA from 3’ to 5’

Question 36

The Hershey and Chase experiment demonstrated that

Answer 36

DNA was the genetic material

Question 37

In eukaryotic cells each chromosome has a single point of origin of replication

Answer 37

False