Mendilian Genetics

Question 1

what is Mendelian genetics

Answer 1

elementary aspects of inheritance in organisms with more than one chromosome

Question 2

who is the father of genetics

Answer 2

Gregor Mendel

Question 3

How was Mendelian genetics discovered and when

Answer 3

in 1800’s
studied peas
looked at 7 discrete traits of peas

Question 4

two main types of genetic expirments

Answer 4

monohybrid cross
dihybrid cross

Question 5

Phenotype

Answer 5

what you see in an organism (purple flower)

Question 6

genotype

Answer 6

all the alleles in an organism (recessive an dominant traits)

Question 7

F1

Answer 7

results of e genetic cross between parents (filial generation)

Question 8

F2

Answer 8

second filial generation

Question 9

Homozygous

Answer 9

alleles are identical, both dominant or both recessive (AA or aa)

Question 10

Heterozygous

Answer 10

alleles are different one dominant and one recessive (Aa)

Question 11

Dominant

Answer 11

allele that is seen (expressed in phenotype when heterozygous)

Question 12

Recessive

Answer 12

allele that isn’t seen (expressed on phenotype when heterozygous)

Question 13

Ratio when you cross F1 x F1 monohybrid

Answer 13

3:1

Question 14

Ratio when you cross F1 x F1 dihybrid

Answer 14

9:3:3:1

Question 15

test cross

Answer 15

cross an unknown genotype with a known genotype

Question 16

Mendel’s first law of segregation

Answer 16

-Alleles of the same gene segregate independently from one another during the formation of gametes

Question 17

2 ways Mendel’s first law works

Answer 17

-genes on different chromosome’s end up with different gametes
-crossing over

Question 18

Mendel’s second law of segregation

Answer 18

separate genes for separate traits are passed independently of one another from parents to offspring

Question 19

autosomal

Answer 19

not sex-linked

Question 20

autosomal dominant

Answer 20

if you have the gene you have the disease

Question 21

autosomal recessive

Answer 21

if you have the gene it only shows up if you are homozygous for it (aa)

also known as a carrier

Question 22

recombination (3)

Answer 22

-Alleles linked on the same chromosome exchange segments between homologous chromosomes
-Exchanges occur while homologous chromosomes pair during Prophase 1
-The farther apart the genes are the more likely they are to go through recombination

Question 23

Gene Linkage

Answer 23

-Amount of recombination between two genes reflects the distance between them

Question 24

how is the location of a gene measured

Answer 24

map units

Question 25

1 map unit =

Answer 25

1%

Question 26

how many map units apart can chromosomes be

Answer 26

50 or else they are on different chromosomes

Question 27

how is gender determined

Answer 27

SRY gene

Question 28

Pedigree

Answer 28

a chart that shows genotypes and phenotypes in a family's past generations

Question 29

Dosage Compensation

Answer 29

Females all have one X-chromosome that is active and one that is inactive

Question 30

Barr Bodies

Answer 30

The random X chromosome that is inactivated

Question 31

What is the same in all female descendants

Answer 31

The x chromosome that is inactivated

Question 32

Why are all calico cats female

Answer 32

The colour gene is on the x chromosome and if both the colour orange and black are on it there are no other chromosomes to block out both colours

Question 33

What are Trisomies

Answer 33

Mutation in the X and Y chromsomes

Question 34

Turners syndrome and characteristics of it

Answer 34

Female with only 1X chromosome -Short especially arms and neck -Can't reproduce

Question 35

Kleinfelder's syndrome and characteristics

Answer 35

Having 2 X-chromosomes and 1 Y -Pheno and Geno male -Lots of head hair -Breast enlargement -reduced muscle mass

Question 36

Down syndrome and characteristics

Answer 36

3 copies of gene 21 -Developmental delay -very happy -Can't live independently

Question 37

Jacobs syndrome and characteristics

Answer 37

1 X-chromosome and 2 Y-chromosomes -Double does of testosterone -Super strong

Question 38

Codominance and example

Answer 38

A genetic inheritance pattern where two alleles of a gene are expressed equally resulting in different traits -Blood type

Question 39

LDL

Answer 39

Low density Lipoproteins

Question 40

How many LDL receptors do Homozygous Dominant have

Answer 40

Many

Question 41

How many LDL receptors does a Heterozygous have

Answer 41

half of a homo dominant

Question 42

How many LDL receptors does a Homozygous recessive have

Answer 42

None

Question 43

Polygenic Inheritance

Answer 43

Inheritance where multiple genes control the trait, which is why we don't have the same skin colour or height as our parents

Question 44

Epistatis and example

Answer 44

The expression of one gene depends on the presence of one or more modifier genes Ex: eye colour, you could have the gene to give you green eyes, but if you have the gene for brown eyes because the brown pigment overwhelms the green pigment.

Question 45

Non-Nuclear Inheritence

Answer 45

Comes through the mitochondria which is inherited from your mother. So if your mother is affect you

Question 46

Example of environmental effects

Answer 46

The warmer part of a Siamese cat have less colour then the cooler part of the cat like the ears and tail which are darker.

Question 47

In a dihybrid cross what is the typical phenotypes) of the F1 generation if P1 is RRhh and P2 is rrHH

Answer 47

3RrHh: 1rrhh

Question 48

The alleles of a gene -The observable characteristics of an organism determined by genetic composition -The combination of alleles located at a specific location on homologous chromosomes that determine a trait of an organism Any of the alternative forms of a gene or homologous sequence of DNA -The trait in the organism -None of the above

Answer 48

The observable characteristics of an organism determined by genetic composition

Question 49

In a test cross the parents are always an unknown genotype and a known genotype. What is the genotype of the known parent?

Answer 49

Homologous recessive

Question 50

In a monohybrid cross, the parents have the genotype Rr and rr. What proportion of the F1 will be homozygous recessive

Answer 50

25%

Question 51

If a characteristic is autosomal, what does this mean?

Answer 51

The gene is not located on the sex chromosomes