Flashcards in DNA Repair LO Deck (48)
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1
Why is DNA the only macromolocule that is repaired?
RNA and proteins can be easily replaced but DNA cannot be replaced
2
what is a mutation?
permanent alteration of base sequences in daughter DNA
3
what are the positives of DNA mutations?
responsible for evolution, allelic variations, and polymorphisms in populations that makes us unique
4
what are the negatives of DNA mutations?
cancer and many human diseases
5
what are the 2 ways change-causing mutations can occur?
1. uncorrected errors made during DNA replication
2. damage (oxidative, cleavage of DNA strand by radiation and chemicals, alkylation, depurianation, deamination etc)
6
what does deamination of C yield?
U
7
what are the 3 types of mutations?
point mutations
insertions
deletions
8
what is a point mutation?
substitution of one base for another
9
what is an insertion?
addition of one or more nucleotides within a DNA sequence
10
what is a deletion?
removal of one or more nucleotides from a DNA sequence
11
what are 2 examples of direct reversal of DNA damage?
1. ligation of a break in phosphodiester backbone of DNA by DNA ligase
2. repair of O6-methylguanosine by O6-methylguanosine methyltransferase (MGMT)
12
what is excision repair?
excision of a damaged region followed by precise replacement
13
what are the 3 types of excision repair?
1. nucleotide excision repair (NER)
2. base excision repair (BER)
3. mismatch repair (MMR)
14
when is nucleotide excision repair (NER) used?
lesions that distort DNA structure and block RNA or DNA polymerase movement
15
how are thymine dimers formed and which process removes them?
UV radiation, removed by NER
16
what are the 2 ways lesions are recognized in NER?
1. global genome NER
2. transcription-coupled NER
17
how does global genome NER work?
proteins recognize distoring DNA lesions in any region of the genome
18
how does transcription-coupled NER work?
recognized distorting DNA lesions in regions that are actively transcribed
19
what is the process of NER?
1. recognition of damaged site by multi-protein complex
2. local unwinding of DNA duplex by helicases (bubble of 25 bases)
3. double incision of damaged strand by two endonucleases (about 30 bp)
4. fill gap by DNA polymerase
5. rejoin ends by DNA ligase
20
what are the 5 common steps in all types of excision repair mechanisms?
1. recognition
2. endonuclease
3. nuclease
4. DNA polymerase
5. DNA ligase
21
When is base excision repair used?
when DNA lesions are missed by NER but do not necessarily block polymerase function or distort DNA structure
22
What genetic diseases result from mutations in the NER pathway?
Cockayne syndrome (CS)
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP)
Trichothiodystrophy (TTD)
23
which DNA repair system uses glycosylases?
Base Excision repair (BER)
24
what does a glycosylase do and what does it form?
flips out damaged base from stacked region of DNA, hydrolyzes glycosidic bond forming AP site (apurinic or apyrimidinic)
25
A defect in the global genome NER pathway causes which disease?
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP)
26
a defect in transcription-coupled NER causes which disease?
cockayne syndrome (CS)
27
what is the presentation of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP)
sun hypersensitivity
skin neoplasms
nuerological degeneration (later)
28
what is the presentation of cockayne syndrome (CS)
sun hypersensitivity
premature aging (progeria)
impaired development
neurological degeneration
29
when is mismatch repair used?
when there is a mismatch in nucleotides between the parent and daughter strand
30
