dna, rna and protein synthesis test 1

Question 1

what does dna stand for

Answer 1

deoxyribo nucleic acid

Question 2

what is dna organised into

Answer 2

chromosomes

Question 3

where is dna stored

Answer 3

the nucleus

Question 4

what structure does dna have

Answer 4

double helix

Question 5

what is dna made of

Answer 5

nucleotides

Question 6

what are the elements of a DNA nucleotide

Answer 6

phosphate, deoxyribo sugar and nitrogen base

Question 7

which parts of nucleotide parts of the nucleotide make up the backbone of the dna

Answer 7

the phosphate and the deoxyribo sugar

Question 8

what are the complementary strands

Answer 8

dna strands whose bases match, complement each other

Question 9

what are the types of bases for dna

Answer 9

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

Question 10

what are the base pairing rules for dna .

Answer 10

A goes with T, G goes with C

Question 11

why are dna strands considered anti parrallel

Answer 11

because the strands run in opposite directions

Question 12

which directions do dna strands run

Answer 12

3 prime to 5 prime , and 5 prime to 3 prime

Question 13

what are the bonds between DNA nitrogen bases

Answer 13

hydrogen bonds

Question 14

why are bonds between nitrogen bases so weak

Answer 14

so the bonds can be easily broken and bases can detach for RNA synthesis or DNA replication

Question 15

what does RNA stand for

Answer 15

ribonucleic acid

Question 16

how are rna sugar and dna sugar diffrent

Answer 16

rna is ribose , dna is deoxyribose sugar

Question 17

what is the structre for rna

Answer 17

single stranded

Question 18

what are the nitrogen bases for rna

Answer 18

adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine

Question 19

what is the monomer for rna

Answer 19

nucleotides

Question 20

who discovered the structure of dna

Answer 20

james watson, francis crick

Question 21

why can rna leave the nucleus but not dna

Answer 21

rna is small enough to fit through the nucleus pores but dna is not

Question 22

what is dna replication

Answer 22

process in which dna makes a copy of itself

Question 23

what part of mitosis does dna replication occur

Answer 23

interphase

Question 24

why is dna replication considered semi conservative

Answer 24

because half of the old strand is saved for every new strand

Question 25

what are the main steps for dna replication .

Answer 25

- helicase unzips dna molecule, separating the strands - dna polymerase use half of old strand as a template for a new strand - ligase seals any gaps in the dna to make one cohesive molecule

Question 26

what is the result of 1 na molecule replicating

Answer 26

2 new semi conservative dna molecules

Question 27

what does primase do in dna replication

Answer 27

lays down primer

Question 28

what type of protein is vital to dna replication

Answer 28

enzymes

Question 29

how does the ''new'' side of replicated dna form

Answer 29

nucleotides floating around attach on

Question 30

what is a gene

Answer 30

a section on dna that codes for one protein

Question 31

what does one protein code for

Answer 31

one trait

Question 32

how do proteins run living organisms

Answer 32

they make up the enzymes and structures

Question 33

what does mRNA do

Answer 33

it's a copy of a gene that carries the code from the nucleus to the rest of the cell

Question 34

what does rRNA do

Answer 34

along with certain proteins , its makes of the ribosomes that make proteins

Question 35

what does tRNA do

Answer 35

during protein synthesis, tRNA transfers amino acids to the ribosomes

Question 36

what is transcription

Answer 36

making mRNA copies from DNA

Question 37

what are the steps for transcription

Answer 37

- double stranded dna unzips | - dna is used as template , dna bases are matched with complementary rna bases

Question 38

when matching DNA bases for RNA, what does A match with

Answer 38

Uracil

Question 39

what enzyme is used for mRNA synthesis

Answer 39

rna polymerase

Question 40

where does mRNA go after leaving the nucleus

Answer 40

it goes to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Question 41

what is translation

Answer 41

proteins being built from instructions of RNA

Question 42

how does mRNA code for amino acids

Answer 42

in triplets- 3 letters code for one amino acid

Question 43

what are the steps in translation .

Answer 43

- mRNA goes to ribosome | - mRNA attaches to a completementary strand of tRNA with amino acid

Question 44

what is the ribosome's role in translation

Answer 44

it links the amino acids and separates them from the tRNA

Question 45

what is a codon

Answer 45

three mRNA letters that code for one amino acid

Question 46

what is an anti- codon

Answer 46

three tRNA letters with 1 amino acid attached that connects to 3 complementary mRNA letters

Question 47

why are there several codons for each amino acid

Answer 47

mutation insurance

Question 48

what does a start codon indicate

Answer 48

beggining of a protein

Question 49

what does stop codon indicate

Answer 49

the end of a protein

Question 50

whats the start codon

Answer 50

AUG, methionine

Question 51

whats an allele

Answer 51

a diffrent version of a gene

Question 52

whats a mutation

Answer 52

changes in DNa that affect genetic information

Question 53

what are the steps of the possible outcomes of a mutation

Answer 53

chnages dna changes rna may change protein may change trait

Question 54

what 3 things can cause mutation

Answer 54

mistake when dna is copied inherited mutations enviromental factors

Question 55

when can inherited mutations occur

Answer 55

when there are mutations in the sperm or egg (gametes )

Question 56

what's another way to say envirmoental factors

Answer 56

mutagens

Question 57

some examples of mutagens

Answer 57

cigarrette smoke, x rays, uv rays, pesticides

Question 58

how often do mutations happen

Answer 58

regularly

Question 59

almost all mutations are what

Answer 59

neutral

Question 60

what does it mean for a mutation to be neutral

Answer 60

the mutation dosnet help or hurt the species

Question 61

what can many mutations be repaired by

Answer 61

enzymes

Question 62

can mutations be benefial

Answer 62

yes

Question 63

whats point mutation

Answer 63

changes in a single nucleotide

Question 64

what are the types of point mutations

Answer 64

substitutions, insertions, deletions

Question 65

which mutation only affect 1 amino acid

Answer 65

substitution

Question 66

which types of mutations are more severe

Answer 66

insertions and deletion

Question 67

what happens in substitution

Answer 67

one letter in a gene is switched out

Question 68

what happens in insertion

Answer 68

a letter is inserted in a gene

Question 69

what happens in deletion

Answer 69

a letter is removed from a gene

Question 70

what is a frame shift mutation

Answer 70

a mutation that changes the reading frame

Question 71

what does frame shift mutation affect

Answer 71

the whole sequence

Question 72

which mutations are frame shift

Answer 72

insertion and deletion