Virus, Cells, Microscopes test 3 Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
Most familiar type of microscope
A
Light mircoscope
2
Q
where to grip microscope when carrying it
A
the arm
3
Q
what supports the specimen
A
the stage
4
Q
why does the stage have a hole in the center
A
so light can pass through
5
Q
how to control how light goes through the specimen
A
diaphram
6
Q
range of a diaphram
A
1-5
7
Q
what is slide held down by
A
stage clips
8
Q
what are the light sources for a light microscope
A
bulb or a mirror
9
Q
what should never be used as a light source. Why
A
sunlight because it will damage your eyes
10
Q
where does light go after passing through the specimen
A
objective lens
11
Q
what are the objective lens magnifications
A
4x, 10x, 40x
12
Q
what does the body tube do
A
leads light and image from objective lens to the ocualr lense
13
Q
what is the magnification of the eyepiece
A
10x
14
Q
what is the total magnification
A
eyepiece times the objective lense
15
Q
what do you use to switch the objective lense
A
nose piece
16
Q
what is the coarse adjustment knob
A
largest knob
17
Q
why shouldnt you use the coarse ajustment knob oh high
A
it will crack and ruin your slide
18
Q
why is the fine ajustment knob used for
A
minute focusing
19
Q
which knob should be used first
A
the coarse ajustment knob (on low)
20
Q
which magnification should you start on
A
low, because its easier to focus
21
Q
what supports everything
A
the base
22
Q
what covers the slide
A
the coverslip
23
Q
what is dry mount presentation
A
not putting a sample drop of water on the slide
24
Q
how does moving the slide react on the microscope
A
it goes in the opposite direction
25
what is depth perception
what comes to focus first is on the top
26
how many micrometers are in a milimeter
1000
27
how do you calculate the diameter of a cell
field of view divided by number of cells
28
why does a specimen must be thing for a light microscope
so light can pass through it
29
what is the natural color of a cheek cell
clear
30
what does iodine do
make the chloroplast, cell wall, and vacuoles more visible in plant cells
31
what does salt solution do the plant cells
shrink the cell membrane
32
what is the cell theory
all living things are made of cells
cell is a basic unit of life
all cells are made of pre existing cells
33
what are prokaryotes
single celled organisms with no nucleus, or speicalized organanelles. They are bacteria that havea cell membrane, dna, and ribosomes
34
what is in some prokaryotes
capsule and cell wall
35
what is a capsule
layer of carbohydrates
36
what are eukaryotes
organism with cells with a true nucleus with membrane bourne organelles
37
what are examples of eukaryotes
anything that isnt a prokaryote
38
where is cilia found
animal cells (eukaryotes)
39
what does cilia do
detect movement
40
may SOME eukaryotes have fagella
yes
41
what is an animal cell
an eukaryotic cell that makes tissue in animals. dosent have a central vacuole, chloroplast or a cell wall
42
what is unique to animal cells
centrioles
43
what do centrioes do
cell division in animal cells
44
what is mitosis
formation of spindle fibers that spearate the chromomsomes during cell division
45
why do animal cells have a more diverse look
they dont have a cell wall
46
what is a plant cell
type of eukaryotic cell within plants that contail chorophyll
47
what organelles arent found in plant cells
centrioles
48
what do ribosomes do
make proteins
49
what does cytoplasm do
contains all organelles and cell parts
50
what does the cell membrrane do
regulates ehat enters and exits the cell
51
what do the chromosomes do
contain genentic information and located inside nucleus
52
what are chromosomes made of
DNA and proteins
53
what does the cell wall do
protect cells and give them stiffness
54
what are cell walls made of
cellulose
55
what is an eukaryotic nucleus
contains the cell genetic material
56
how much dna is in a human cell
two meters
57
what does a nucleolus do
mkae incomplete ribosomes with rna
58
what does a bigger nucleolus mean
more ribosomes production meaning more proteins
59
what do lysosomes do
detroy viruses and invaders, recycles and digests
60
what do lysosomes contain
enzymes
61
what do vacuoles do
store food, nutrients , waste
62
function of central vacuole in plants
structural support, protection, storage, disposal
63
function of small vacuoles in animals
temporary storage, transport substances
64
what does the cytoskelton do
maintains cells structure, shape and help them
65
whats a microtubule
act as a conveyer belt inside the cell, they are thick and work with microfiliaments for structure
66
whats a microfilament
partner with microtubules to asssit with structure, also may be in muscle tissue
67
what do centrioles do
cell division in animal cells(mitosis)
68
what does cilia do
cilia are hair-like structures that help in everyday life, they help cells move
69
ehat does flagella do
movement, sensation and signal transduction
70
which cells have flagella
pro and eukaryotes may have it
71
which cells have cilia
eukaryotes and some bacteria
72
whats the fucntion of the glogi apparatus
receives proteins, modifies them and send them away
73
what transports lipids around the cell
glogi
74
what are the physical diffrences between glogi and the smooth ER
smooth ER is long and skinny, Glogi is rough and fat
75
what are chloroplasts
organelles similar to mitochondria, they produce food with photosynthesis
76
what are the three parts of a chlrorplast
grana, thykaloid, stroma
77
what are thykaloids
membrane that has enzymes for light related reactions of photosynthesis
78
what are grana
stacks of thykaloids
79
what is stroma
fluid in chlororplast
80
what is the function of stroma
break down carbohydrates, synthesize rganic molecules
81
what does the mitochondria do
it makes ATP
82
why do plant cells need both mitochondria and choroplasts
chloroplasts break stuff into carbon sources(food) and the mitochondria turns carbon sources into energry
83
what is released by the mitochondria
CO2 and water
84
what would happen if a cell has lots of mitochondria
the cellls temperature would rise
85
what does the mitochondria look like
a bean
86
what is an endopasmic reticulum
organelle that secretes pakages and sends away
87
what is the rough ER covered in
ribosomes
88
what the function of the rough er
transport proteins and synthezises them. they are transported to the glogi
89
which organelles help porteins fold properly
rough ER
90
whats the fucntion of the smooth er
makes lipids, steroids, chemical reactions, detoxifies parsons
91
whats the function of vesticles
transport substances from one place to another
92
what other things do vesticles assist in
metabolism and enzyme storage
93
what is another part of the vesticile
lipid bilayer
94
what is the function of cytoplasm
contain all organelles
95
what is the function of peroximes
absorb nutrient like fatty acids
96
what are the big 8 characteristics of life life
reproduction, made of cells, adaptation through evolution, response to a stimulus, growtwhat characteristics of ife dont apply to virusesh, genetic code, metabolism, homeostsis
97
what characteristics dont apply to viruses
made of cells, homeostasis, metabolism, growth
98
what is metabolism
chemcial reactions within thr organism
99
what is homeostasis
processes living things use to remain stable to survive
100
who discovered cells
robert hooke
101
what microscopwe is needed to see viruses
electron microscope
102
what is to infer
conclude from evidence
103
what is to relicate
reproduce
104
what are the levels of organization
atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
105
why arent viruses living things
they lack amny properties that are associated with living things
106
how do viruses have a diffrent structure than cells
viruses and much smaller, have a protein capsid, while cells can reproduce on their own and have organelles
107
what are the two types of viral reproduction
lytic and lysogenic
108
what happens during the lytic cycle
virus injects the dna into host
host makes parts of the virus
dna and capsid proteins are assembled
formed viruses break out of the cell
109
does the dna mix into the cell dna in the lytic cycle
no
110
what is a bacteriophage
virus that infects bacteria
111
what are the two main parts of a virus
the nucleic acids and capsids
112
what is the lysogenic cycle
when the virus becomes apart of the cells dna and the cell replicates with the virus dna
113
how can the lysogenic cycle turn into the lytic
triggered by an envirmonetal stimuli
114
which cycle does the dna always integrate
lysogenic
115
what does HIV do
attacks the T cells
116
what type of virus is HIV
a retro virus
117
what is a retrovirus
when the dna injected turn into dna
118
what doesw HIV inject
rna
119
what type of viral reproduction is HIV
lysogenic, it becomes part of dna
120
may HIV enter the lytic cycle
yes
121
what type of virus reproduction is influenza
lytic
122
what does infleunza put into the host cells
rna
123
what does infleunza do
bind to sugars on epithelial cells
124
why does the flu change every year
antigenic drift that makes virus immune to drugs
125
what are the main specialized cells
```
plant root
skeltal muscle
cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
neuron
xylem
epithelial cell
bone cell
plant leaf
```
126
what does aroot cell do
absorb minerals and water from the soil with hairs and the strcuture allows it to increase the surface area
127
what does a neuron do
transmits information to other cells and sends signals to the brain. structure branches out to send and receive signals
128
what does xylem do
transmits water and solvent from the roots to leaves, their tube structure allows them to transport
129
what do nplant leaf cells do
they contain chloropast for the phtosynthesis of the plant, they maximize gas exhange with the large surface area of its structure
130
what do bone cells do
growth and repair of bones, buid up proteinorgans, store nutrients and enable mobility
131
what do epitheial cells do
serations, selective absorbtion, protection, transcellular transport, sesning. they form diffrent structure for their jobs
132
what are the 3 main types of muscle cells
skeltal, cardiac and smooth
133
what do skeltal muscle cells do
support movement and coralation with voluntary control, the striations in its structure help it contract
134
what do cardiac cells do
contract INVOLUNTARILY in order for the heart to pump blood
135
what do smooth muscle cells do
helps organs with involuntary contractions and pushes things up and down. it elongates and contracts to reduce the diameter of blood vessels
136
what do red blood cells do
carry oxygen around the body with their strcuture allowing them to maximize oxygen that is carried
137
what makes red blood cells special
no nucleus
138
are red blood cells eukaryotic
YES
