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biology 1 pre AP > evolution test 4 > Flashcards

evolution test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is evolution?

A

process of living organisms changing and adapting over time from earlier forms.

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2
Q

`what is natural selection

A

the process in which organisms better adapted survive and produce more offspring

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3
Q

what is genetic variation

A

diversity in the gene frequency in populations

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4
Q

overproduction

A

when more offspring is produced than can possibly survive

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5
Q

competition for finite resources

A

competition between organisms that cause a struggle to survive

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6
Q

differential reproductive success

A

those who are better adapted produce more offspring

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7
Q

speciation

A

the formation of a new, distinct species in the course of evolution

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8
Q

fossil record

A

refers o the total # of fossils discovered and he information derived from them. shows the progress of evolution of a species over time

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9
Q

Biogeography

A

branch of biology that deals with the geographical distribution of plants and animals

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10
Q

analogous structures

A

structures that perform similar functions but have different structure and form

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11
Q

homologous structures

A

structures that may have different functions, but similar basic structure

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12
Q

molecular evidence

A

evidence of evolutionary processes driving evolution at a molecular level

ex; amino acid sequences

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13
Q

comparative embryology

A

branch of embryology that compares and contrasts different species

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14
Q

Gradualism

A

advancing towards a goal ( evolution ) by gradual, slow changes

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15
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

evolution in isolated episodes of rapid evolution, with long periods of little to no change

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16
Q

Allele frequency

A

the relative frequency of an allele in a population

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17
Q

genetic drift

A

change in frequency of allele in population due to random sampling of organisms

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18
Q

artificial selection

A

intentional reproduction of individuals with desirable traits

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19
Q

Mutations

A

when dna is changed in a way that alters the genetic message carried by the gene

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20
Q

recombinations

A

the rearrangement of genetic material, usually by crossing over

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21
Q

adaptations

A

a trait with a current role that has been maintained and evolved by natural selection

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22
Q

mimicry

A

close external ressemblance of an animal or plant to another animal or plant

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23
Q

common ancestry

A

a species in which a group of organisms descended from

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24
Q

do all species have genetic variation

A

yes

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25
what are the processes of evolution
small population, non-random mating, mutations, gene flow, natural selection
26
what happens in small populations
genetic drift
27
what are two examples of genetic drift
founders effect, bottleneck effect
28
what is founder's effect
descendants of a small, founding population have different allele percentages than where the population founders came from
29
what is the bottleneck event
the population of survivors of a castastophic event may have diffent allele percentages than the pre- bottleneck population
30
what is non-random mating
sexual selction- choosing a mate based on different traits
31
what is gene flow
the movement of genes due to migration increase gene variation
32
why is natural selection special
it is the only process that leads to adaptations
33
what are the 6 parts of natural selection
inherited variation, competeion for finite ressources, adaptations, diffrential reproductive sucess, overproductioin, change in population
34
what is inherited variation
variation through mutations, crossing over, independant assortement
35
what is an adaptation
any inherited charcateristic that increases an organisms chance of survival
36
what is chnage in population
characteristics of fit individuals in a population increase over time
37
how can bacteria become resistant with natural selection
because when the less resistant bacteria are killed off, the resistant one survive , reproduce and make more resistant offspring
38
how can populations evolve not individuals
because individuals can't change their genetic material, but allele frequencies in populations can change over time
39
why are mutations and recombinations important for evolution
because they allow more genetic diversity and genetic material in organisms to evolve over time
40
when was the formation of the earth
4.5 billion years ago
41
when did prokaryotic life start
3.9 billion years ago
42
when did photosynthesis start
3.5 billion years ago
43
when did eukaryotic life start
2.5 billion years ago
44
when did multicellularity start
1.5 billion years ago
45
what are the main biomolecules
carb, protein, lipid, nucleic acids
46
what are the four steps to the orgin of life on earth
1. formation of biomolecules 2. formation of proto- cells 3. development of information molecule- RNA 4. reproduction
47
why was RNA considered the first genetic material material
because it's single stranded , makes copies of itself , has catalytic abilities
48
what is the emdosymbiotic theory
the first eukaryote was formed with a symbionic relationship between two prokaryotes
49
what is a symbionic relationship
when one prokaryote was injested and lived inside the other
50
what is taxonomy
the science of classifying organisms
51
what are the 7 levels of classification
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
52
what is binomial nomenclature. How do u write it
First word is genus, first letter capital. Second word is species, first letter not capital. Written in italic/underlined
53
what are the six kingdom
Archabacteria, Eubacteria, Fungi, Plantae, Anamalia, Protista
54
describe Archabacteria
unicellular, autrophic and hetrophic, prokaryote * primitive**
55
describe eubacteria
unicellular, autrophic and hetrophic, prokaryote **comen bacteria**
56
descibe fungi
multicellular, hetrophic, eukaryoticm, recycles, no chlorophyll
57
describe plantae
multicellular, autrophic with exceptions, eukaryote, photosynthesis,
58
describe animalia
multicellular, hetrophic, eukaryotic, most can move,
59
protista
unicellular, hetrophic or autrophic, eukaryotes, stuff that can't be classified as plants
60
example of protista
algae, kelp

biology 1 pre AP (10 decks)

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