Domain 4 NTK

Question 1

Protocol data units (PDUs) in the physical layer

Answer 1

Bits

Question 2

Protocol data units (PDUs) in the data link layer

Answer 2

Frames

Question 3

Protocol data units (PDUs) in the network layer

Answer 3

Packets

Question 4

Protocol data units (PDUs) in the transport layer using TCP

Answer 4

Segments

Question 5

Protocol data units (PDUs) in the transport layer using UDP

Answer 5

Datagrams

Question 6

TCP 3 way handshake

Answer 6

1. SYN (Synchronize): The client sends a SYN packet to the server, indicating it wants to
   start a connection.
2. SYN-ACK (Synchronize-Acknowledge): The server responds with a SYN-ACK packet,
   acknowledging the client’s request and indicating it’s ready to establish a connection.
3. ACK (Acknowledge): The client sends an ACK packet back to the server, confirming the
   receipt of the server’s SYN-ACK.

Question 7

IPv4 Private Address Ranges

Answer 7

10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255

Question 8

Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA)

Answer 8

A media access control (MAC) protocol used in network communication that determines when a device can transmit data over a shared network medium.

Question 9

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)

Answer 9

It is effective after a collision
Used in wired networks 802.3 standard
Reduces recovery time
Resends the data frame whenever a conflict occurs
More efficient than CSMA

Question 10

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)

Answer 10

It is effective before a collision
Commonly used in wireless networks 802.11 standard
Will first transmit the intent to send for data transmission
Is similar to simple CSMA in terms of efficiency.

Question 11

Software Defined Network (SDN)

Answer 11

Separates the network architecture into 3 distinct planes

Question 12

Data Plane

Answer 12

responsible for packet forwarding

Question 13

Control Plane

Answer 13

Manages network traffic and polices

Question 14

Application Plane

Answer 14

Hosts network applications and services, leveraging the control plane to execute high-level tasks.

Question 15

Infrastructure as Code (IaC)

Answer 15

enhances security by enabling consistent, version-controlled security policies to be embedded directly into infrastructure
definitions, allowing for automated security checks, easier auditing, and rapid deployment of security patches across environments, while also reducing the risk of human error in manual configuration processes.

Question 16

In-band Segmentation

Answer 16

Uses physical devices such as firewalls to separate network segments within the same physical infrastructure.