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Domestication Flashcards

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1
Q

Who did dogs descend from?

A

Grey wolves

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2
Q

When were dogs domesticated?

A

j

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3
Q

Where were dogs domesticated?

A

j

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4
Q

How many times were dogs domesticated?

A

s

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5
Q

Why/how did domestication happen?

A

s

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6
Q

Which of the 5 questions do we have a definite answer to?

A

Who did dogs decesnd from

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7
Q

What are the 5 domestication questions?

A

Descended from whom
When
Where
How many times
Why/how

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8
Q

How do we know dogs are the same as wolfs?

A

They can reproduce and have fertile offspring

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9
Q

Where does evidence come from to help us understand domestication?

A

Archaeology and Genetics

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10
Q

For most of the 20th century, when did archaeological evidence suggest dogs were domesticated?

A

approx 15,000 years ago

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11
Q

For most of the 20th century, where did archaeological evidence suggest dogs were domesticated?

A

Eurasia or middle east

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12
Q

How did evidence date the domestication of dogs?

3 answers

A

Radiocarbon dating
where the fossils were found
with what humans they were found

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13
Q

What did we have no idea about

A

how many times dogs were domesticated
The ancestral species

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14
Q

Where was the jaw fragment found in 1873

A

Kesslerloch Cave, Switzerland

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15
Q

When was the jaw fragment from 1873 reanalysed?

A

2010

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16
Q

what method was used on the reanalysis of the jaw fragment found in 1873 in 2010?

A

Radiocarbon dating

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17
Q

What is compared when looking at wolves – dogs

5 points

A

Muzzle length
Brain case size
Tooth size
Tooth spacing
Jaw width

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18
Q

What happens to tooth size - wolf to dog?

A

Smaller

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19
Q

What happens to jaw length wolf to dog

A

shorten

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20
Q

How do researchers work out what changed first - wolves to dogs?

A

They piece together evidence/clues from bones

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21
Q

Does it all change in the same order when looking at bones

A

No!

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22
Q

What did the 2010 reanalysis of the jaw fragment show

A

This was the oldest undisputed dog fossil. It’s definitely a dog and supported the notion dogs were domesticated 15k years ago

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23
Q

What did the Belgian researcher say?

A

She has evidence - archaeological and genetic, that they were dogs 28-40k years ago

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24
Q

So when were dogs domesticated?

A

15k or 28-40k years ago!!

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25
Where did the fossils come from to support the Belgian researcher's view 3 answers
Belgium, Czech Republic, Siberia
26
Why is there a discrepancy in the dates of domestication?
What criteria are individuals using to define wolves and dogs? Early dogs were likely backcrossed with wolves, many times in many different places
27
Can both early dog and late dog arguers support their case?
yes!
28
What is the early dog arguers saying
30k years ago
29
What are the late dog arguers saying
15k years ago
30
What were people doing with early dogs?
Nobody knows
31
What hypotheses are there in regard to domestication
Coppinger - self-domestication, less flight distance followed by humans then using them for hunting etc Deliberate domestication for hunting etc? Both?
32
What were early dogs used for?
Hunting Drafting Guarding
33
What do we have to tolerate in regards to domestication?
Uncertainty!
34
What did they find in Texas?
Evidence of humans having eaten dogs!
35
Is it cheap to research domestication
No!!
36
Why is there interest in dogs genetics?
There is a benefit to us in understanding where to look in the human genome for markers for genetic disease
37
How do we decipher a genetics paper?
38
What's a haplotype?
set of DNA markers that tend to lie close together and be inherited together Shows if an individual is part of a population or not
39
What is a marker
informative sequence on the chromosome - this DNA tells us a lot
40
How do we determine how reliable relatedness is?
The more markers that are tested the more reliable the estimate of relatedness
41
What can haplotype tell us
Relatedness and groupings Breeds Brother/sister Population
42
Why is the fingerprint in haplotypes different?
It isn't unique to an individual in genetics its a marker of a group
43
What is a microsatellite?
A place in the genome where there is a bunch of repeats
44
What does a microsatellite tell us?
the number of repeats informs us about relatedness to someone else. If they have the same number of repeats in the same place in the genome it informs relatedness between individuals, populations (dogs, Asian dogs, chows etc) and species
45
What does it mean when there isn't much variation on the microsatellites?
It tells us related species on a big scale - e.g. mouse c.f. chimp c.f humans
46
What does it mean when there is moderate variation on the microsatellites?
It tells us this is a population within a species e.g. breeds, wolves vs. dogs, groups of breeds!
47
What else can moderate variations on the microsats. tell us
Which breeds are related to which
48
If you have 2 individuals with the same microsatellites?
It's uninformative, they could be in one group or the other if the alleles are found in both populations
49
What do 21st C. genetics papers show us
2002 2 big genetic studies suggesting 15k years ago in a single domestication event in East Asia 2004 Parkers et at proposing a split off order for 85 breeds
50
What was looked at in 2005 Lindblad-Toh and in what species
Sequences in rodents, primates and dogs
51
What does analogous mean?
Looking or being almost but not exactly the same
52
What was Lindblad-toh looking at on the genome?
Analogous sequences found over and over and over
53
Analogous sequences found over and over and over are what
important! they suggest relatedness
54
What did Lindblad-toh find?
Most conserved (keep finding the same sequences) non coding sequences cluster near a small set of genes that play important roles in development
55
What was a big takeaway from the Russian fox experiment
Development events timing changed Delayed timing of socialisation/fear period Eyes opening timing More puppy like adult
56
what was studied in 2010 in regards to SNP to help understand domestication
one change in a string of haplotype analyses e.g. changing a T for a G in one place
57
What did the 2010 study show? In regards to the ancestral environment
Middle East showed greater diversity which suggest this was the ancestral environment
58
What is a Cladogram?
Based on morphology (measurements of bones/skulls or genetically etc) constructed into a relatedness diagram.
59
What doesn't a Cladogram show you?
Who came in which order!
60
What is a haplotype-sharing phylogram?
Sharing of important haplotypes and grouping relatedness together
61
Are there discrepancies in genetic papers?
yes
62
How do we explain the discrepancies in genetic papers
The population sampled - size, who, where from Biases of researchers (samples) What they are looking at (Nuclear/mitochondrial DNA)
63
Who do you get mitochondrial DNA from?
Mothers
64
What is proto-domestication?
The very beginnings of domestication - there are likely 2 stages
65
What specific findings have researchers found in regards to genetic studies 3
1 specific gene expression differs between dogs and wolves (expression - other genes that turn this gene on or off). A mutation of this exact gene causes Willam's syndrome. Chicken domestication research on the thyroid has turned up a gene mutation between them and their ancestors where the domestic chickens are less spooky & breed more. Dogs are adapted to digest starch (March 13)
66
What is Williams syndrome?
Humans Causes friendly outgoing nature

Level 2 (23 decks)

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