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Level 2 > Domestication > Flashcards

Domestication Flashcards

1
Q

Who did dogs descend from?

A

Grey wolves

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2
Q

When were dogs domesticated?

A

j

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3
Q

Where were dogs domesticated?

A

j

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4
Q

How many times were dogs domesticated?

A

s

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5
Q

Why/how did domestication happen?

A

s

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6
Q

Which of the 5 questions do we have a definite answer to?

A

Who did dogs decesnd from

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7
Q

What are the 5 domestication questions?

A

Descended from whom
When
Where
How many times
Why/how

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8
Q

How do we know dogs are the same as wolfs?

A

They can reproduce and have fertile offspring

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9
Q

Where does evidence come from to help us understand domestication?

A

Archaeology and Genetics

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10
Q

For most of the 20th century, when did archaeological evidence suggest dogs were domesticated?

A

approx 15,000 years ago

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11
Q

For most of the 20th century, where did archaeological evidence suggest dogs were domesticated?

A

Eurasia or middle east

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12
Q

How did evidence date the domestication of dogs?

3 answers

A

Radiocarbon dating
where the fossils were found
with what humans they were found

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13
Q

What did we have no idea about

A

how many times dogs were domesticated
The ancestral species

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14
Q

Where was the jaw fragment found in 1873

A

Kesslerloch Cave, Switzerland

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15
Q

When was the jaw fragment from 1873 reanalysed?

A

2010

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16
Q

what method was used on the reanalysis of the jaw fragment found in 1873 in 2010?

A

Radiocarbon dating

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17
Q

What is compared when looking at wolves – dogs

5 points

A

Muzzle length
Brain case size
Tooth size
Tooth spacing
Jaw width

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18
Q

What happens to tooth size - wolf to dog?

A

Smaller

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19
Q

What happens to jaw length wolf to dog

A

shorten

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20
Q

How do researchers work out what changed first - wolves to dogs?

A

They piece together evidence/clues from bones

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21
Q

Does it all change in the same order when looking at bones

A

No!

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22
Q

What did the 2010 reanalysis of the jaw fragment show

A

This was the oldest undisputed dog fossil. It’s definitely a dog and supported the notion dogs were domesticated 15k years ago

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23
Q

What did the Belgian researcher say?

A

She has evidence - archaeological and genetic, that they were dogs 28-40k years ago

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24
Q

So when were dogs domesticated?

A

15k or 28-40k years ago!!

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25
Q

Where did the fossils come from to support the Belgian researcher’s view

3 answers

A

Belgium, Czech Republic, Siberia

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26
Q

Why is there a discrepancy in the dates of domestication?

A

What criteria are individuals using to define wolves and dogs?

Early dogs were likely backcrossed with wolves, many times in many different places

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27
Q

Can both early dog and late dog arguers support their case?

A

yes!

28
Q

What is the early dog arguers saying

A

30k years ago

29
Q

What are the late dog arguers saying

A

15k years ago

30
Q

What were people doing with early dogs?

A

Nobody knows

31
Q

What hypotheses are there in regard to domestication

A

Coppinger - self-domestication, less flight distance followed by humans then using them for hunting etc

Deliberate domestication for hunting etc?

Both?

32
Q

What were early dogs used for?

A

Hunting
Drafting
Guarding

33
Q

What do we have to tolerate in regards to domestication?

A

Uncertainty!

34
Q

What did they find in Texas?

A

Evidence of humans having eaten dogs!

35
Q

Is it cheap to research domestication

A

No!!

36
Q

Why is there interest in dogs genetics?

A

There is a benefit to us in understanding where to look in the human genome for markers for genetic disease

37
Q

How do we decipher a genetics paper?

A
38
Q

What’s a haplotype?

A

set of DNA markers that tend to lie close together and be inherited together

Shows if an individual is part of a population or not

39
Q

What is a marker

A

informative sequence on the chromosome - this DNA tells us a lot

40
Q

How do we determine how reliable relatedness is?

A

The more markers that are tested the more reliable the estimate of relatedness

41
Q

What can haplotype tell us

A

Relatedness and groupings

Breeds
Brother/sister
Population

42
Q

Why is the fingerprint in haplotypes different?

A

It isn’t unique to an individual in genetics its a marker of a group

43
Q

What is a microsatellite?

A

A place in the genome where there is a bunch of repeats

44
Q

What does a microsatellite tell us?

A

the number of repeats informs us about relatedness to someone else.

If they have the same number of repeats in the same place in the genome it informs relatedness between individuals, populations (dogs, Asian dogs, chows etc) and species

45
Q

What does it mean when there isn’t much variation on the microsatellites?

A

It tells us related species on a big scale - e.g. mouse c.f. chimp c.f humans

46
Q

What does it mean when there is moderate variation on the microsatellites?

A

It tells us this is a population within a species
e.g. breeds, wolves vs. dogs, groups of breeds!

47
Q

What else can moderate variations on the microsats. tell us

A

Which breeds are related to which

48
Q

If you have 2 individuals with the same microsatellites?

A

It’s uninformative, they could be in one group or the other if the alleles are found in both populations

49
Q

What do 21st C. genetics papers show us

A

2002 2 big genetic studies suggesting 15k years ago in a single domestication event in East Asia

2004 Parkers et at proposing a split off order for 85 breeds

50
Q

What was looked at in 2005 Lindblad-Toh and in what species

A

Sequences in rodents, primates and dogs

51
Q

What does analogous mean?

A

Looking or being almost but not exactly the same

52
Q

What was Lindblad-toh looking at on the genome?

A

Analogous sequences found over and over and over

53
Q

Analogous sequences found over and over and over are what

A

important! they suggest relatedness

54
Q

What did Lindblad-toh find?

A

Most conserved (keep finding the same sequences) non coding sequences cluster near a small set of genes that play important roles in development

55
Q

What was a big takeaway from the Russian fox experiment

A

Development events timing changed

Delayed timing of socialisation/fear period
Eyes opening timing
More puppy like adult

56
Q

what was studied in 2010 in regards to SNP to help understand domestication

A

one change in a string of haplotype analyses e.g. changing a T for a G in one place

57
Q

What did the 2010 study show? In regards to the ancestral environment

A

Middle East showed greater diversity which suggest this was the ancestral environment

58
Q

What is a Cladogram?

A

Based on morphology (measurements of bones/skulls or genetically etc) constructed into a relatedness diagram.

59
Q

What doesn’t a Cladogram show you?

A

Who came in which order!

60
Q

What is a haplotype-sharing phylogram?

A

Sharing of important haplotypes and grouping relatedness together

61
Q

Are there discrepancies in genetic papers?

A

yes

62
Q

How do we explain the discrepancies in genetic papers

A

The population sampled - size, who, where from

Biases of researchers (samples)

What they are looking at (Nuclear/mitochondrial DNA)

63
Q

Who do you get mitochondrial DNA from?

A

Mothers

64
Q

What is proto-domestication?

A

The very beginnings of domestication - there are likely 2 stages

65
Q

What specific findings have researchers found in regards to genetic studies 3

A

1 specific gene expression differs between dogs and wolves (expression - other genes that turn this gene on or off). A mutation of this exact gene causes Willam’s syndrome.

Chicken domestication research on the thyroid has turned up a gene mutation between them and their ancestors where the domestic chickens are less spooky & breed more.

Dogs are adapted to digest starch (March 13)

66
Q

What is Williams syndrome?

A

Humans
Causes friendly outgoing nature

Level 2 (23 decks)

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