DONE: Pharmacology (core + elective) Flashcards

Question

atomoxetine - elective

Answer 1

Strattera: SNRI - increases levels of NE ADHD

Answer 2

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, lipid lowering agent: inhibits the enzyme that catalyzes first step in cholesterol synthesis (HMG CoA > mevalonic acid). increases LDL receptors on hepatocytes > liver able to extract LDL and VLDL from serum > inc HDL, dec LDL, dec total chol, dec TGs TX: reduce LDL, total chol, apo B and TG, inc HDL > primary hypercholesterolemia and mixed dyslipidemia AEs: hepatic enzyme elevations and dysfunction, myositis, rhabdomyolysis *most reported SE is myalgias* interacts: digoxin, fibrates increases risk of rhabdomyolysis, increased serum concentration of OCPs (norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol) * RYR - dont use together *grapefruit juice *alcohol use - increased hepatic effects contraindications: active liver disease, porphyria, lactation, PREGNANCY X - must be on contraception if of child bearing age

Answer 3

anticholinergic, antiarrhythmic, vagolytic: competitive muscarinic antagonist: Tx: antidote for cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning *nerve gas, insecticide*, in the tx of bradycardia in emergencies, urinary incontinence, mydriatic for ophthalmic exams AEs: dry mouth, constipation, flushing and dry skin, palpitations, arrhythmias, photophobia, raised intraocular pressure by blocking the following receptors, we see the following SXS M1: sedation and at high doses psychosis M2: tachycardia and mild vasodilation M3: decreased GI motility, urinary retention, cycloplegia with mydriasis high doses: tachycardia, hyperpyrexia, restlessness, confusion, excitement, hallucinations, delirium, circulatory failure, respiratory depression interacts: other antocholinergics contraindications: glaucoma, chronic respiratory disease, sick sinus syndrome, thyrotoxicosis, cardiac failure, pyloric stenosis, BPH, pregnancy C, lactation * atropine poisoning is tx with cholinesterase inhibitors/physostigmine

Answer 4

macrolide antibiotic: binds *50S* Tx: RTIs (otitis media and sinusitis) caused by *strep, pneumococci, h flu, and legionella. *single dose treatment for chlamydial urethritis, chancroid, and mycobacterium avium infections* AEs: MACrolides Motility enhanced GI disturbances (diarrhea) Allergic reaction Cholestatic hepatitis Cardiac arrhythmias (increased QT interval) interacts: antacids with Al and Mg. not many drug/drug interactions Contraindications: liver disease **SAFE in pregnancy

Answer 5

skeletal muscle relaxant - GABA agonist

Answer 6

corticosteroid - decreased swelling and irritation in the airways asthma

Answer 7

antitussive, non narcotic cough from the common cold, pneumonia, bronchitis, emphysema, asthma

Answer 8

anti-acne antibacterial: releases active O2, effective against *propionobacterium acnes*, keratolytic and desquamative effect, converted to benzoic acid in the skin Tx: acne AEs: dryness, peeling, erythema, contact dermatitis no specific interactions

Answer 9

anticholinergic parkinsons disease AEs: same as belladonna/atropine anticholinergic

Answer 10

genitourinary cholinergic tx: urinary retention

Answer 11

nonsteroidal antiandrogen prostate CA

Answer 12

stimulant laxative: inhibits colonic fluid reabsorption and increases luminal pressure, stimulates peristalsis tx: before colonoscopy or surgery, acute constipation, constipation due to opioid use (+ docusate) AEs: excessive use can lead to tolerance and laxative dependence, cramping, nausea, fluid and electrolyte depletion (hypoKalemia) interactions: do not give antacids or milk within 1 hour of taking contraindications: obstruction, severe impaction, sxs of appendicitis or acute surgical abd, comiting, rectal bleeding ,gastroenteritis

Answer 13

salicylate (antisecretory), bismuth (antimicrobial anti-inflammatory, fluid transport modifier: stimulates the absorption of fluid and electrolytes across intestinal wall. when hydrolyzed to salicylic acid > inhibits synthesis of PG that is responsible for intestinal inflammation and hypermotility. also binds toxins made by e coli. has weak antacid properties tx: nausea, heartburn, indigestion, upset stomach, diarrhea, H pylori AEs: nausea, *black tongue and black tarry stools* interactions: increased risk of bleeding when taken with warfarin, could decrease absorption of tetracycline contraindications: hypersensitivity to ASA, other salicylates, pregnancy C/D, lactation

Answer 14

neurotoxic protein made by C botulinum: inhibits Ach release > flaccid paralysis botox, cerebral palsy, refractory overactive bladder, strabismus, hyperhidrosis, migraines AEs: facial paralysis, muscle weakness, trouble swallowing

Answer 15

Dopamine agonist, antiparkinsonian: an ergot-derived D2 and serotonin receptor agonist: acts on the pituitary gland to block production and release of GH Tx: hyperprolactinemia, prolactin-secreting adenomas, early parkinsonian syndrome, acromegaly, female infertility, pituitary adenoma (prolactinoma type) AEs: DOPAA + Ergot-like effects Disco-like Dyskinesia, hypOtension, Psychosis, confusion, hallucinations and delusions, Agitated GI - nausea, vomiting, Arrhythmias, Ergot-like effects (vasospasm of fingers/toes (raynauds), pulmonary fibrosis interacts: azole antifungals and macrolide ABX, other ergot alkaloids contraindications: breast carcinoma, uncontrolled HTN, severe ischemic heart disease, lactation (but is safe in pregnancy B)

Answer 16

corticosteroid asthma

Answer 17

local anesthetic > prevents depol by binding to Na channels and blocking influx childbirth, dental work

Answer 18

Suboxone: opioid partial agonist-antagonist opioid use disorder, acute pain, chronic pain

Answer 19

Wellbutrin: SARI: inhibits neuronal reuptake of DA, 5HT, and NE tx: depression, smoking cessation AEs: GAPS: GI upset, agitation, psychosis at higher doses, somnolence, seizures (at significant high doses) interacts: MAOIs CI: seizure disorder, MAOIs, hx of anorexia or bulimia

Answer 20

Buspar: azaspirodecanedione: non benzo anxiolytic: high affinity for 5-HT 1A and 2A receptors, moderate affinity for D2 Rs, NO affinity for GABA Rs. Txs: GAD Advantages over benzos: almost no risk of dependence, no withdrawal sxs on abrupt discontinuation, does not cause marked sedation or psychomotor impairments, does not *kindof* increase CNS depressant effects of other drugs such as benzos, TCAs, alcohol AEs: nervousness, GI upset, increase in HR and palpitations, miosis, increased BP with MAOIs contraindications: epilepsy, children < 18, MAOIs

Answer 21

xanthine, CNS stimulant: phosphodiesterase inhibitor: antagonizes central adenosine receptors. CNS and resp stim, bronchodilating and diuretic. Tx: migraine Aes: literally everything happening to me while i drink coffee and study for boards interacts: benzos, cipro, B-adrenergic agonists and ASA

Answer 22

synthetic derivative of calcitriol, a form of vit D: evidence suggests it is equiv to natural vitaminD in its effects on proliferation and differentiation of cell types Tx: moderate plaque psoriasis AEs: burning, itching, skin irritation no interactions contraindicated: on face, hypercalcemia, Vit D toxicity, pregnancy C

Answer 23

hormone made by C cell sin the thyroid increases deposition of Ca and Ph in the bone, lowers blood levels > inhibits Ca resorption by inhibiting osteoclasts. decreased reabsorption of Ca and Ph in the kidneys proximal tubule to *decrease plasma Ca concentration* hypercalcemia and Paget's disease

Answer 24

SGLT2I: lowers the renal glucose threshold > increases the excretion of glucose by urine Tx: DM2 AEs: *female genital mycotic infections*, increased urination, male genital mycotic infections, vulvovaginal pruritus, thirst interacts: increases the risk of dehydration when used with diuretics contraindications: *2 fold increase of lower limb amputation in pts who had or had risks of CVD*, severe renal impairment with a GFR < 30

Answer 25

cannabinoid, antiemetic: THC is a central and peripheral acting: increases catecholamines, inhibits parasympathetic activity, inhibits PG biosynthesis tx: analgesia, antiemetic, appetite stimulant, glaucoma AEs: lol interacts: sedatives

Answer 26

non narcotic analgesic

Answer 27

Tegretol: anticonvulsant: inhibits use-dependent Na channels > pain relief seizure control, anticholinergic, central antidiuretic, anti-arrhythmic, muscle relaxant, antidepressant, sedative, and neuromuscular blocking properties tx of: Ma, Za, Pine: mania (bipolar), seizures, and pain (trigeminal neuralgia 1st line. peripheral neuropathy, AV malformation AEs: *ataxia, dizziness, drowsiness, N/V, dry mouth* interacts: reduces tolerance to alcohol and reduces the half life of doxycycline, decreased efficacy of OCPs, serum levels decrease w phenobarbitol and phenytoin CI: BM depression, porphyria, pregnancy D (neural tube defects), MAOIs

Answer 28

carbamate derivative, skeletal muscle relaxant: blocks interneuronal activity in the descending reticular. formation and spinal cord TX: painful muscle spasms AEs: *dizziness and drowsiness*, nausea, tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, rash interacts: opioids and sedative hypnotics CI: porphyria, lactation

Answer 29

alpha and BB a fib

Answer 30

third generation cephalosporin ABX

Answer 31

cephalosporin ABX

Answer 32

cephalosporin ABX

Answer 33

cephalosporin ABX gonorrhea, PID, meningitis IV tx of pyelonephritis

Answer 34

second generation cephalosporin ABX

Answer 35

Celebrex, analgesic, NSAID, COX2i inhibits the conversion of arachidonic acid to PGs without having an effect on PGs Use: first line for AnkSpon. OA, RA, dysmenorrhea, pain AEs: most common and headache and hypertension. abd pain, diarrhea, nausea, URTI interacts: co-admin with fluconazole increases plasma concentrations of celecoxib, avoid coadmin with CYP450 2C9 inhibitors, inc risk of bleeds when used with oral corticosteroids/anticoags/alcohol, NSAIDs might increase risk of CVEs contraindications: ASA allergy, chronic hepatitis, CABG, pregnancy (D), lactation

Answer 36

first generation cephalosporin, B-lactam ABX (same MOA) TX: - RTIs: strep pneum and pyogenes - otitis media: strep pneum, H flu, staph aur, strep pyo - skin infections: staph aur, strep pyo **1st line for cellulitis **mastitis, impetigo - bone infections: staph aur, proteus mirabilis - UTI (including acute prostatitis): e coli, proteus, kleb AEs: *diarrhea*, indigestion, gastritis, abd pain interacts: metformin effects are increased > sxs of hypoglycemia contraindicated: allergy to penicillin * *SAFE in pregnancy**

Answer 37

Zyrtec antihistamine

Answer 38

single dose **live vaccine** oral 18-64 yo traveling to an area with cholera - shitty and theyre going to stop making it

Answer 39

H2 blocker heartburn

Answer 40

fluoroquinolone antibiotic: promotes the breakage of dsDNA and inhibits *DNA gyrase* ``` TX: PLUGS from GM Pseudomonal Legionella (2nd line to macrolide) UTIs (1st line) GI infections (1st line) S aureus and pneumonia (gram +) Gonorrhea (gram - ) Meningococcal meningitis Mycobacteria (2nd line for TB) ``` also treats: exposure to anthrax but dont yet have sxs and used in combination w the anthrax vaccine ``` AEs: A PLACE forbidden for <18 Arthropathy (<18 yo) Adult tendonitits and rupture (esp > 60) Peripheral neuropathy, worsening MG Liver toxicity, hepatitis Agitated GI tract C diff associated diarrhea Cardiac QT prolongation Exfoliative dermatitis ``` interacts: decreased absorption by cations (antacids, iron, zinc, bismuth), increases serum levels of warfarin, theophylline * contraindicated in peds d/t risk of irreversible arthropathies and cartilage destruction*, also contraindicated in MG as it can worsen sxs

Answer 41

chemo testicular, ovarian, bladder, cervical, head/neck, lung

Answer 42

macrolide ABX

Answer 43

lincosamide ABX, protein synthesis inhibitor: *indicated for those with severe penicillin allergies*: reversibly binds 50S subunit of the ribosome > stunted cell growth TX: used for infections caused by strep, staph, and other GRAM +, also anaerobes including bacteroides. empyema, topical for mild acne vulgaris, endocarditis prophylaxis (esp when needing dental work) AEs: *pseudomembranous colitis*, inc AST/ALT/BR, thrombocytopenia, *C diff super infection* interacts: potentiates neuromuscular blocking agents

Answer 44

corticosteroid eczema, contact derm, psoriasis

Answer 45

ovulatory stimulant - E agonist or antagonist female infertility in PCOS to induce ovulation inc risk of ovarian cancer and weight gain

Answer 46

a2 adrenoreceptor agonist, centrally acting sympathomimetic: stimulates a2 receptors in the brain stem > reduced sympathetic outflow > release of NE is reduced > decrease in vasoconstriction > decrease in CO and HR Tx: essential, renal, and malignant HTN, severe pain in CA patients, ADHD (if XR version of drug) AEs: rebound HTN, bradycardia, sedation, constipation, dry mouth, N/V, pruritus, dermatitis if via transdermal patch, anxiety, somnolence, confusion, drowsiness, dizziness, fatigue, headache, vivid dreams interacts: hypotensive action is potentiated by diuretics, vasodilators, antiHTN. effects are decreased by TCAs and centrally-acting alpha blockers. may enhance toxicity due to digitalis, lithium. contraindication: disorders of cardiac pacemaker activity and conduction - pregnancy C Clonidine Suppression Test: if someone has a pheochromocytoma, clonidine will not suppress Epi/catecholamines

Answer 47

ADP-induced platelet aggregation inhibitor, antiplatelet *irreversibly inhibits the binding of ADP to P2Y12 receptor > blocking ADP plt agg* > halts interaction of fibrinogen with platelets and platelet plug formation Tx: claudication/chronic arterial insufficiency, ischemic stroke, prophylaxis of MI and stroke, ACS/unstable angina, placement of a coronary stent AEs: *BITE*: bleeding disorders, Irritated GI tract, TTP (rare), nEutropenia interacts: NSAIDS inc risk of GI bleeds, high doses increase warfarin levels and inhibit P4502C19* (phenytoin, tamoxifen, NSAIDs), decreased action by *CYP2C19 inhibitors like PPIs contraindicated: active bleed, coagulation disorder

Answer 48

atypical antipsychotic severe schizophrenia

Answer 49

amino ester anesthetic: reduces Na permeability and increases action potential threshold blocks the reuptake of DA > can induce psychotic behavior that resembles schizophrenia tx: topical anesthesia of accessible mucous membranes AEs: anxiety, palpitations, tachycardia, HTN, seizures CI: hypersensitivity to parabens

Answer 50

opioid agonist: antitussive and analgesic: blocks opiate receptors for pain relief and suppresses cough by direct action in the medulla TX: mild-mod pain, cough suppressant, acute diarrhea AEs: *constipation and drowsiness*, hypotension, dependence, withdrawal sxs, tachy or brady cardia, lightheadedness interacts: alcohol, anesthetics, anxiolytics, hypnotics, TCAs, antipsychotics, MAOIs absolute contraindications: acute abd conditions, diarrhea associated with toxins, respiratory depression, post operative in children after tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy relative: acute asthma, IBD, resp impairment

Answer 51

Colcrys, colchium alkaloid, antigout drug inhibits B-tubulin polymerization into microtubules to prevent the activation, degranulation, and migration of neutrophils thought to mediate sxs of gout tx: acute gout, dont use long term, reduces recurrence of pericarditis AEs = *diarrhea (80%), GI irritation, nausea, vomiting. [urolithiasis is a result of gout, not colchicine] interacts: reversible malabsorption of B12 might occur due to ileal mucosal function alteration, response to CNS depressants and sympathomimetics might increase contraindications: blood dyscrasias. severe renal impairment, pregnancy D, debilitated pts

Answer 52

bile acid sequestrant hyperlipidemia

Answer 53

mast cell stabilizer asthma

Answer 54

skeletal muscle relaxant: *structurally similar to TCAs*, decreases tonic-somatic motor activities of the a and d motor systems TX: painful muscle spasms AEs: *drowsiness, dry mouth, headache and dizziness* interactions: many contraindicated: recent MI, arrhythmia, severe liver disease

Answer 55

alkylating agent anticancer

Answer 56

immunosuppressant, polypeptide ABX TX: organ transplants, psoriasis, RA, LP, pemphigus vulgaris AEs: Nephrotoxicity, increased tremor, HTN, headache, hyperLD, hyperplasia of gums, hirsutism interacts: CCBs, antifungals, ABX, and glucocorticoids all increase concentration. *avoid with hypericum* contraindicated: lactation, nephrotoxic drugs and immune suppressants

Answer 57

immunemodulator increases tear production in dry eyes

Answer 58

direct thrombin inhibitor, anticoagulant DVT, PE, etc

Answer 59

Desferal, chelates iron (deFEROXamine) forms a stable complex that prevents iron from entering chemical reactions. chelates iron from Ferritin and Hemosiderin, but NOT transferrin, cytochromes, or Hgb Tx: acute and chronic iron overload, hemochromatosis, iron toxicosis, thalassemia AEs: **blue fingernails/lips/skin, blurred vision, convulsions, difficulty breathing, fast heart beat, hearing problems, skin flushing interacts: AEs increased when combined with prochlorperazine (schizo) and vit C* contraindicated: severe renal disease or anuria (excreted renally), pregnancy

Answer 60

RANK ligand inhibitor injection for osteoporosis and to increase bone mass in some cancers

Answer 61

vasopressin/ADH analogue hormone Tx: diabets insipidus, noctural enuresis, nocturia, vWF deficiency, hemophilia A

Answer 62

oral corticosteroid for asthma dexamethasone suppression test in Cushing's: low doses increases cortisol, high doses decreases cortisol

Answer 63

Dextrine, amphetamine *sympathomimetic* - blocks the reuptake of DA > can induce psychotic behavior that resembles schizophrenia. amphetamines are non-catecholamine sympathomimetics. - raises BP, weak bronchodilating and stimulating resp effects TX: narcolepsy, ADHD AEs: appetite loss*, insomnia, abd pain, palpitations, tachycardia, elevation of blood pressure, loss of libido interacts: GI alkalinizing agents (sodium bicarb), increases absorption of amphetamines, TCAs, MAOIs, and NE contraindicated: hyperthyroidism, glaucoma, HTN, advanced arteriosclerosis, agitated stated, MAOIs

Answer 64

levorphanol derivative, antitussive: central action on cough center in medulla TX: cough suppressant AEs: shallow breathing, dizziness, GI disturbance, hallucinations, fever, HTN interacts: fluoxetine, trazodone, MAOI CI: at risk of developing resp failure, acute attacks, MAOIs, persistent or chronic cough

Answer 65

anabolic steroid: increases production of estrogens and testosterone, decreases production of cortisol, has a possible effect on NTs Tx: addisons, adrenal insufficiency, cognitive disorders, depression, ED, immune stimulating, slow or reverse aging, SLE, post menopausal vaginal atrophy, menopausal hot flashes, OP, AD, weight loss AEs: acne, hirsutism, insomnia, hair loss, aggression, deeper voice interacts: monitor closely with amiodarone, atorvastatin, buspirone, cortisone, diazepam, warfarin contraindicated: breast CA, endometriosis, hormone sensitive conditions, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, uterine fibroids

Answer 66

Valium: benzodiazepine: binds to GABA-a receptors (chloride ion channels) and induces them to remain open longer > hyperpolarize the cell > inhibitory effect on CNS Tx: severe anxiety, insomnia + anxiety, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal, seizures, IV anesthesia, mania/delirium (not dementia), panic disorder, GAD, phobias AE: memory problems, *amnesia-like sxs. daytime sleepiness, disorientation, depression, headache, sleep disturbance, confusion, dizziness interacts: phenytoin, carbamazapine, phenobarbitol. levodopa. with Lithium > hypothermia. alcohol and other CNS depressants contraindicated: MG, resp dep, sleep apnea, liver impairment, narrow angle glaucoma, children < 6 mo, pregnancy D, lactation

Answer 67

topical NSAID OA

Answer 68

muscarinic receptor antagonist, antispasmodic-anticholinergic, smooth muscle relaxant: blocks parasym stimulation of intrinsic nervous system and reduces GI tone and motility, directly relaxes GI smooth muscle TX: abd pain/cramping associated with IBS AEs: constipation, dyspepsia, dry mouth, urinary retention, blurred vision, decreased sweating interacts: additive cholinergic effects with antihistamines and other drugs contraindications: obstructive GI disease, severe UC, MG, glaucoma, reflux esophagitis, breastfeeding, infants < 6mo

Answer 69

* cardiac glycoside*, antiarrhythmic: * positive inotrope* (increase force), Na/K/ATPase inhibition: increases intracellular Na which in turn suppresses the Na/Ca exchanger > decreased Na influx and Ca efflux > Ca accumulates inside the cell and enhances cardiac contractility - decreases HR by increasing parasympathetic outflow at the SA and AV nodes TX: *left ventricular systolic HF*, *2nd line choice for decreasing the ventricular rate in atrial flutter* AEs: Gi disturbances (anorexia, N/V/Dia), Arrhythmias (*AV nodal block and VFIB*), hypokalemia, headache, fatigue, confusion, blurred vision interacts: diuretics or other agents that cause hypokalemia > cardiac arrhythmias. increased digoxin levels when used with quinidine, ACEIs and CCBs. drug/herb interactions: hydrastis, convallaria, and leonurus (might increase cardiac effect), Glycyrrhiza (might deplete K stores), SJW (may reduce effect of D) contraindications: digitalis toxicity, Vtach or fib, obstructive cardiomyopathy other HF meds: ATBs, K sparing diuretic spiro

Answer 70

CCB, calcium chanel blocker

Answer 71

Benadryl, antihistamine, sedative, antiemetic, H1 receptor antagonist blocks H1 and muscarinic Ach receptors, prevents histamine-induced allergic reactions, prevents vestibular stimulation of vomiting center, causes sedation Tx: allergic reactions, anaphylactic shock, prevention of motion sickness, insomnia, extrapyramidal effects of antipsychotic agents severe anaphylaxis = 50 mg IV w epi mild anaphylaxis = 25-50 mg PO q 8 hours for 24 hours AEs: drowsiness, blurred vision, dry mouth, urinary retention, anorexia interacts: additive effects with CNS depressants and alcohol, additive anticholinergic effects with TCAs, antagonizes effects of cholinergic meds such as donepezil and neuropleptics. Valerian, SJW, kava kava, and gotu kola might increase CNS depression contraindicated: hypersensitivity, neonates, lactation

Answer 72

anticholinergic diarrhea

Answer 73

heavy metal chelator for lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium **sketch b/c some people use it to cure autism (Hg)** and is used for dental filling issues

Answer 74

chelates lead AEs: N/V/dia, abd pain, gas, increased LFTs, drowsiness

Answer 75

stool softener, laxative, surface-active/detergent laxative, surfactant: facilitates hydration of feces and softens stool, does NOT stimulate peristalsis tx: cryptitis, constipation (including due to opioids, given with bisacodyl), anal fissures, fecal impaction (as an enema) AEs: abd cramping, diarrhea, throat irritation, bitter taste interacts: mineral oil absorption could be increased contraindicated: obstruction, undiagnosed abd pain, prolonged use

Answer 76

Aricept: Acetylcholineesterase inhibitor: inhibits cholinesterase in the CNS Tx of Myasthenia Gravis, dementia (not delirium), Alzheimers AEs: GI (diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, increased gastric acid secretion), bradycardia, insomnia interacts: increased cholinergic drugs, decreases anticholinergic drug effects relative CI: bradycardia, arrhythmia, CHF, CAD, asthma, COPD, ulcers **rivastigmine, Excelon**

Answer 77

alpha blocker (all BPH alpha blockers end in osin) HTN and BPH

Answer 78

anthracycline, antibiotic antineoplastic TX: AIDS-related Kaposis, ovarian carcinoma, metastatic breast CA AEs: leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, N/V, diarrhea, etc interacts: many, and ABX Risk of: dilated cardiomyopathy CI: cardiac disease, neonates, pregnancy, etc

Answer 79

tetracycline ABX: binds to *30S and 50S* ribosomal subunits causing alteration on the cytoplasmic membrane Tx: Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Borrelia moderate acne vulgaris, used in combination w the anthrax vaccine, pnemonia, proctitis, sinusitis, gonorrhea and chlamydia *if allergic to penicillins*, cholera AEs: *contraindicated in children < 8, risk of tooth discoloration (all tetracyclines), black tongue, photosensitivity, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting interactions: reduction in efficacy with antacids, calcium, Mg, iron, decreases the effects of penicillins CI: **children < 8, PREGNANCY D, lactation, severe hepatic dysfunction

Answer 80

Yaz/Yasmin pregnancy prevention

Answer 81

incretin mimetic, GLP1 agonist (glucagon-like peptide) DM2

Answer 82

Cymbalta - SNRI depression and anxiety

Answer 83

chelates metals (lead) AEs: F/C, fatigue, myalgia, hypotension, cardiac rhythm changes, glycosuria, proteinuria, numbness, headache, N/V, thirst, increase in LFT, bone marrow suppression, anemia, zinc def, hypocalcemia CI: anuria, active renal disease, hepatitis *DMSA does the same thing without as many effects

Answer 84

low molecular weight heparin DVT, etc

Answer 85

nucleoside analogue reduces HBV in long term HBV infection

Answer 86

EpiPen, sympathomimetic, anaphylaxis, bronchodilator, mydriatic stimulates a and B-adrenergic receptors > relaxation of smooth muscle of the bronchia tree, cardiac stimulation, dilation of skeletal muscle vasculature -can also be added to local anesthetic to retard diffusion and limit absorption, prolong duration of effect, and lessen danger of toxicity use: inhaled (acute asthma), IV or IM (anaphylactic shock), eye drops (ocular HTN, open-angle glaucoma AEs: a TON. urinary retention, hyperglycemia, hypersalivation, hypokalemia, gangrene/necrosis are of note interacts: inhaled anesthetics, B- or a-blocking agents, methyldopa, guanethidine, drugs that have vasoconstrictor or vasopressor effects, antihypertensives, adrenergic neuron blockers, K depleting drugs, cardiac glycosides, ephedra, yohimbe, TCAs contraindications: preexisting HTN, occlusive vascular disease. closed-angle glaucoma, arrhythmias or tachycardia. Fingers, toes, lobes, nose, hoes.

Answer 87

elective, Epogen recombinant human erythropoietin, biological response modifier Epoetin alpha regulates erythropopiesis by: stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid precursors, release of reticulocytes into circulation, and synthesis of cellular hemoglobin Tx: anemia AEs: pyrexia, HTN, vomiting, cough, rash, headache, arthralgias, nausea contraindications: hypersensitivity to human albumin, uncontrolled HTN

Answer 88

macrolide ABX

Answer 89

Lexapro: SSRI: prevent reuptake of serotonin and potentiates its effects Tx: GAD, OCD, MDD, eating disorders AEs: *headache*, nausea, ejaculation disorder, somnolence, insomnia interacts: other CNS depressants. fatal with MAOIs, BBs, serotonin syndrome with other serotonergic meds and herbs (weakness, enhanced reflex response, incoordination) contraindicated: SI, mania, seizures, pregnancy C

Answer 90

PPI: suppresses gastric acid secretion by inhibition of the H/K-ATPase in the parietal cell, because it acts specifically on the pump it blocks the final step. in acid production and reduces gastric acidity Tx: 1st line for GERD. PUD, H pylori, prevention of GI bleeds w NSAID use, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome AEs: headache, flatulence, indigestion, malabsorption of B12. increases risk of hip/wrist/spinal fracture and development of c diff interacts: amoxicillin could increase levels. it increases the levels of diazepam, phenytoin, and warfarin. take 1 hour away from meals as it decreases absorption of eso. safe in pregnancy!

Answer 91

estrogens are responsible for the development and maintenance of female repro system and secondary sex characteristics, modulate pituitary secretion of gonadotropins *LH and FSH Tx: vulvar and vaginal atrophy in menopause, metastatic breast CA, hypoestrogenism, OP, prostate CA AEs: GI, GU chances, heme disorders, CV and CNS effects, endocrine and metabolic disorders, cholestatic jaundice, local skin reaction, chorea, contact lens intolerance, steeping corneal curvature, PE, carbohydrate intolerance interacts: could enhance hydrocortisone and prednisolone contraindicated: undiagnosed vaginal bleeding, thrombophlebitis or thromboembolic disorders, breast carcinoma except in select people with met disease, estrogen-dependent tumors, porphyria, pregnancy X

Answer 92

induces the normalization of vaginal epithelium, mild proliferative effect on the endometrium TX: menopausal HRT, infertility d/t cervical issues, atrophic vaginitis AEs: breast pain, nausea, spotting, fluid retention, cervical hyper-secretion interactions: reduced efficacy when used with activated charcoal, barbiturates, and carbamazepine contraindicated: pregnancy, thrombosis, estrogen-dep tumors, vaginal bleeding, otosclerosis during pregnancy, previous steroid use

Answer 93

(Premarin) antineoplastic, antiosteoporotic, replacement hormone, antiandrogenic effect TX: atrophic vaginitis, female hypogonadism, OP. prostate CA, abnormal uterine bleeding, breast cancer palliation AEs: *abd pain, back pain, breast tenderness, HA, joint pain, pharyngitis, sinusitis, diarrhea interactions: *CYP450 3A4 > inhibitors (erythromycin, clarithromycin, grapefruit juice) could increase plasma concentration of estrogens contraindicated: blood coagulation disorders, breast CA, stroke, MI, DVT, valvular disease, liver disease, DM with vascular involvement, undx abnormal vag bleeding

Answer 94

naturally occurring steroidal estrogen TX: HRT, prophylaxis of OP AEs: (same as estradiol) GI, GU chances, heme disorders, CV and CNS effects, endocrine and metabolic disorders, cholestatic jaundice, local skin reaction, chorea, contact lens intolerance, steeping corneal curvature, PE, carbohydrate intolerance interacts: effects are decreased by anticonvulsants and folic acid* contraindicated: (same as estradiol) undiagnosed vaginal bleeding, thrombophelbitis or thromboembolic disorders, breast carcinoma except in select people with met disease, estrogen-dependent tumors, porphyria, pregnancy X

Answer 95

Lunesta: hypnotic sleeeeeep

Answer 96

anti-TNF biologic RA, PsA, plaque psoriasis 9PsO), AnkSp, JIA

Answer 97

GLP 1 receptor agonist

Answer 98

Azetidinone, lipid lowering agent hypercholesterol

Answer 99

opioid analgesic used in L&D

Answer 100

Allegra, 2nd gen antihistamine

Answer 101

5 alpha reductase inhibitor: blocks conversion of Testosterone > DHT TX: BPH, male pattern baldness AEs: gynecomastia, decreased libido, impotence, reduced volume of ejaculate, testicular pain CI: children, pregnancy X *be careful with partners rubbing off on them*

Answer 102

sphingosine-L-phosphate receptor modulator (immune modulator) MS, **lung complications of COVID -19**

Answer 103

antiarrhythmic afib, paroxysmal SVT

Answer 104

synthetic azole: decreases *ergosterol* synthesis by interfering with CYP450 > inhibiting cell membrane formation (candida, C neoformans, H capsulatum, Mycosporum, trichophyton) TX: candidiasis (oral, esophageal, systemic), BM transplant prophylaxis, cryptococcal meningitis, candida UTIs, candida balanitis AEs: *headache*, N, V, abd pain, diarrhea, gas interacts: warfarin and oral hypoglycemics, phenytoin, cyclosporine, zidovudine, sulonylureas, carbamazepine, thiazides Contraindications: Not safe in pregnancy or lactation for systemic fungal infections, Is safe for one time vaginal yeast dose.Pregnancy C/D

Answer 105

corticosteroid Addisons disease

Answer 106

high potency corticosteroid eczema, seb derm

Answer 107

Prozac SSRI Tx: GAD, OCD, 1st line in depression and panic disorder, bulimia nervosa, social phobia AEs: of SSRIs: sick stomach, sexual dysfunction, restlessness, insomnia, serotonin syndrome w MAOIs * serotonin syndrome sxs: cognitive (headache agitation, mental confusion, hallucinations, coma), autonomic effects (shivering, sweating, hyperthermia, vasoconstriction, tachycardia, nausea, diarrhea, dilated pupils), somatic (myoclonus, hyperreflexia, tremor) interacts: CNS depressants, MAOIs, TCAs CI: MAOIs

Answer 108

corticosteroid: vasoconstrictive and anti-inflammatory activity TX: allergic rhinitis, nasal polyps, asthma (*not acute asthma*), swallowed in eosinophilic esophagitis AEs: *URTI and headache*, candidiasis, pharyngitis, dysphoria, cough, rhinitis, nasal congestion, *hypertrichosis*, cushings syndrome interactions: CYP4503A4 contraindicated: hypersensitivity to milk or milk proteins, status asthmaticus, acute bronchospasms

Answer 109

Loop diuretic, *K wasting* antihypertensive: inhibits reabsorption of Na and Cl in the medullary portion of the ascending LOH > causes excretion of water, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, K, ammonia. Uric acid excretion is reduced. increases plasma renin levels > secondary hyperaldosteronism Tx: manages fluid overload in CHF, pulmonary edema,ARF, nephrotic syndrome, hepatic cirrhosis. hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia AEs: *hyperuricemia and hypokalemia*, metabolic alkalosis, hypoMg/Ca/Na, *reversible ototoxicity at high doses*, *reactive in sulfa allergies* interacts: analgesics reduce action. antagonizes hypoglycemics, muscle relaxants and gout drugs. increased risk of ototoxicity when used with aminoglycoside ABX. enhances antiHTN effects. antagonized by corticosteroids. phenytoin may reduce effects. * with glycyrrhiza > can cause rapid K loss contraindicated: severe Na and water depletion, hypersensitive to sulfonamides, hypokalemia, hypernatriemia, precomatose states d/t liver cirrhosis, ARF, Addison's disease Pregnancy C

Answer 110

Neurontin: anticonvulsant: structurally related to GABA, but action is unknown tx for postherpetic neuralgia, peripheral neuropathy, epilepsy AEs: DASH: dizziness, drowsiness, ataxia and tremor, somnolence, headache, overall very well tolerated interacts: cimetidine, antacids CI: lactation

Answer 111

fibric acid derivative (fibrate), antiHLD (VLDL formation reducer): stimulates lipoprotein lipase (breaks down TGs into VLDL and chylomicrons and removed from circulation), also decrease hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis Tx: elevated cholesterol, decrease TGs, mildly decrease LDL/increase HDL AEs: *gallstones from increasing cholesterol in the bile, GI upset, elevated liver enzymes, myositis, *rhabdo **should treat hypothyroidism, diabetes, or other forms of secondary hyperlipidemia before starting therapy. if there is no response in 3 mo, stop TX.** interacts: fibrates compete with warfarin and this may potentiate effects of warfarin. statins > muscle cramping, myopathy, rhabdo. contraindicated: severe liver or renal disease, primary biliary cirrhosis, GB disease, statins, pregnancy C

Answer 112

aminoglycoside ABX blepharitis, conjunctvitis

Answer 113

immune modulator: stops body from destroying myelin MS

Answer 114

glycogenolytic agent - causes the liver to release stored sugar into the blood and relaxes smooth muscles of the stomach severe hypoglycemia

Answer 115

sulfonylurea hypoglycemic: closes ATP-sensitive K channels and prevents K efflux and depolarizing pancreatic B cells, causing influx of Ca and releasing insulin > *increase the amount of insulin secreted* tx: DM2 AEs: *hypoglycemia, photosensitivity, weight gain interacts: should take daily with meals. potentiated by alcohol, anti-inflamatories, salicylates, sulfonamides (all increase effect of hypoglycemia). effects are decreased by diuretics, steroids, thyroid, and phenytoin contraindicated: DM1, hypoglycemia, DKA, *sulfa allergy*

Answer 116

propanediol derivative expectorant: increases the volume and reduces the viscosity of sputum TX: productive cough AEs: N/V, GI, dizzy, drowsy, *decreased uric acid levels CI: chronic or persistent cough

Answer 117

active immunity by stimulating production of endogenous Abs CI: < 6 weeks old

Answer 118

for people < 5 yo | 4 total shots

Answer 119

phenylbutylpiperidine, antipsychotic: blocks D2R in the limbic system, H1R, cholinergic R, a-adrenergic R > lots of AEs tx: positive sxs of schizophrenia (hallucinations and delusions), tourette syndrome, delirium, agitation AEs: sedation (H1), anticholinergic effects, orthostatic hypotension (aAR), extrapyramidal sxs - akinesia (loss of voluntary movement), akathisia (motor restlessness), tardive dyskinesia (involuntary oral facial movements) - (DA), galactorrhea and amenorrhea (due to inc PRL d/t DA inhibition) interactions: carbamazepine, CNS depressants, fluoxetine, lithium contraindicated: CNS cdepression, seizures, parkinsons

Answer 120

Hepalean binds to *anti-thrombin III to accelerate its action (inhibits fibrinogen > fibrin) > decreases ability to clot* Tx: DVT, PE, thromboembolic events, acute MI AEs: hemorrhage, prolonged clotting time, thrombocytopenia, myalgia, skin irritation, burning of feet/chills/anaphylaxis interacts: oral anticoagulants has additive effect, salicylates and other anti plt drugs has additive effect contraindicated: active bleeding disorders, inaccessible ulcerative lesions and wounds, caution in mild hepatic or renal disease

Answer 121

hep A Ag: formaldehyde-inactivated hep A virus *egg sensitivity hep B surface Ag *egg sensitivity

Answer 122

opioid agonist, narcotic tx: pain, MI, pulm edema, chronic pain AEs: addiction

Answer 123

Gardasil - recombinant vaccine HPV 6, 11, 16, 18 AEs: normal ones, tonic-clonic movement and seizure like activity ages 9-26

Answer 124

injection used with fertility drugs to increase chances of fertility, helps produce T in men or adolescents, cryptorchidism, weight loss

Answer 125

peripheral arterial vasodilator, HTN Hydralazine is an antihypertensive medication that can cause a lupus-like syndrome, including glomerulonephritis. If this does occur, symptoms may persist for years after the patient discontinues the medication, however, most people find that symptoms resolve soon after discontinuing the causative agent. Other medications that can cause a lupus-like syndrome include chlorpromazine, sulfasalazine, procainamide, carbamazepine, ethosuxamide, phenytoin, quinidine, amiodarone, some beta blockers, some calcium channel blockers, and many others.

Answer 126

thiazide diuretic: inhibits NaCl transporter in the distal tubule > increases excretion of Na, K, and Cl. decreases Ca excretion in people with Ca kidney stones Tx: HTN, CHF, edema, nephrolithiasis, osteoporosis in people with hypercalciuria, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus AEs: HYPONa, Cl, Mg, tension, and volume depletion. HypoKalemic metabolic alkalosis (K and H are related) HYPERCa, uricemia, gout, glycemia, sensitivity (sulfonamide based), photosensitivty with the sun interacts: causes hyponatremia if used with carbamazepine, potentiates hypotensive effect of a blockers and ACEI. concurrent use with alcohol, barbiturates, and opioids might enhance orthostatic hypotension. antiHTN effects reduced by corticosteroids, NSAIDs. enhances the nephrotoxicity of NSAIDs. **glycyrrhiza can contribute to K depletion** contraindicated: severe hepatic or renal impairment, addisons dz, preexisting hypercalcemia, anuria, *sulfonamide drug sensitivities*

Answer 127

opioid agonist: antitussive and analgesic: phenanthrene derivative TX: pain and cough AEs: constipation, drowsiness, CNS effects, dry mouth, sweating, flushing, decreased libido, miosis, convulsions, euphoria, sedation interacts: CNS depressants, cimetidine, metoclopramide, opioid antagonists, alcohol CI: obstructive airway disease, infants and children, resp depression

Answer 128

AHydrocort, intermediate corticosteroid anti-inflammatory (suppresses migration of PMN leukocytes and reversal of increased capillary permeability) and immunosuppressive tx: inflammation, acute or chronic adrenal insufficiency AEs: sodium and fluid retention, K and Ca depletion, muscle wasting, osteoporosis, gi disturbance and bleeding, increase appetite and delayed wound healing, hyperglycemia, glycosuria, DM, obesity, moon facies, buffalo hump, increases susceptibility to infection interacts: thiazides might enhance hyperglycemia and hypokalemia, peptic ulcers or bleeds with NSAIDs, alcohol and GI irritation, reduced efficacy while using carbamazepine/phenytoin/barbituates, mutual inhibition with cyclosporine, enhanced effect in people taking estrogen or OCPs contraindications: viral/fungal infections, TB or syphilis lesions, bacterial infections unless also used with chemo

Answer 129

aminoquinolone, antimalarial, antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory Tx of RA, SLE, *malaria/plasmodium* AEs: retinopathy, hair loss, photosensitivity, tinnitus, myopathy, psychosis, seizures, cardiomyopathy interacts: alcohol and digoxin contraindicated: visual field changes, long term in children

Answer 130

piperazine derivative, anxiolytic, antihistamine, sedative-hypnotic: blocks H1 receptors on GI tract, blood vessels, and respiratory tract. antimuscarinic properties, skeletal muscle relaxant, bronchodilating, antiemetic. TX: anxiety, pruritus, chronic urticaria, preop sedation, allergies AEs: CNS depression, paradoxical CNS stimulation*, tinnitus, more interacts: addictive CNS depression when taken w antidepressants, antihistamines, opioids, sedative-hypnotics, other CNS depressants contraindications: porphyria, neonates, pregnancy X in 1st trimester, C in 2/3

Answer 131

anticholinergic and antispasmodic IBS, cramps, parkinsons, MG, etc

Answer 132

Motrin, Advil: NSAID, analgesic, antipyretic central and peripheral effects, inhibits COX to reduce PG synthesis, prevents formation of TXA2 by plt agg Tx: pain, inflammation, fever AEs: dizziness, epigastric pain, heartburn, nausea, rash, tinnitus, edema, vomiting, headache *decreases cartilage synthesis*, secondary nephrOtic syndrome interacts: decreases ACEI, BBs, and diuretic effects. increased risk of GI bleed with warfarin. **do not combine with ASA** contraindications: active peptic ulcer, hypersensitivity, neonates with CHD, necrotizing enterocolitis, active bleeds, third TM (causes fetal heart defects)

Answer 133

immune response modifier genital and anal warts

Answer 134

TNF-a inhibitor RA, crohns, UC, ank spo, plaque psor, psor arth

Answer 135

inactivated vaccine increased Ab response w ASA *egg sensitivity

Answer 136

pancreatic hormone: replaces endogenous insulin in DM Tx: DM, DKA DM1: uses a long-acting insulin + pre-meal and pre-snack injections of rapid acting AEs: hypoglycemia (contraindication) interactions: BBs can mask hypoglycemia, thiazides and steroids can increase insulin needs. alcohol and most NSAIDs, sulfonylureas, and warfarin can decrease insulin requirements lispro (aspart insulin): rapid onset, peak 1 hour, lasts 3-4 hours regular insulin: rapid onset, peak 2-3 hours, lasts 5-7 hours glargine (ultralente,detemir): slow onset, peak 12 hours, long acting 24 hours

Answer 137

antineoplastic, antiviral: alpha interferons bind to cell surface receptors and block viral protein synthesis TX: chronic hepatitis B/C, cancer (leukemia, melanoma, kaposis), genital warts (acuminata), polycythemia vera ``` AEs: IFN ALPHA Inhibition of bone marrow > leukopenia, anemia Flu like sxs Neurotoxicity: depression and psychosis Autoimmune disorders Liver enzyme elevations Proteinuria Hypotension and tachycardia Alopecia ``` interacts: reduces clearance of theophylline (*makes it potentially fatal*), enhanced myelosuppression contraindicated: AI hepatitis, AI disease, transplant recipients, infants, Pregnancy C

Answer 138

antineoplastic, antiviral: alpha interferons bind to cell surface receptors and block viral protein synthesis TX: reduces exacerbations in MS ``` AEs: IFN ALPHA Inhibition of bone marrow > leukopenia, anemia Flu like sxs Neurotoxicity: depression and psychosis Autoimmune disorders Liver enzyme elevations Proteinuria Hypotension and tachycardia Alopecia ``` interacts: reduces clearance of theophylline (*makes it potentially fatal*), enhanced myelosuppression contraindicated: AI hepatitis, AI disease, transplant recipients, infants, Pregnancy C

Answer 139

yervoy, monoclonal Ab melanoma

Answer 140

short-acting antimuscarinic and anticholinergic bronchodilator used in maintenance tx of COPD AEs: **URTI, dry mouth and sinusitis**, constipation, cough, tachycardia, UTI, pupil dilation, etc contraindicatedL allergy to milk proteins, lactose allergy *same drug as tiotropium bromide, but shorter acting*

Answer 141

isonicotinic acid: inhibits mycolic acid synthesis TX: latent or active TB AEs: *mild increase in LFTs, peripheral neuropathy*, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting interactions: CYP450, phenytoin

Answer 142

nitrate angina

Answer 143

Accutane: retinoid, anti-acne: reduces sebaceous gland size and sebum production, regulates cell proliferation and differentiation Tx: acne rosacea, severe acne vulgaris AEs: *chelitis*, increased ESR*, conjunctivitis, irritation, hyperTG, decreased HDL and increased LFTs, hair thinning, inc platelet count, pruritis, epistaxis, skin fragility, dry nose, joint pain interacts:additive toxicity with vitamin A, decreases efficacy of progesterone in OCPs, incresed risk of bone loss with phenytoin, increased risk of osteoporosis with systemic corticosteroids, PREGNANCY X, lactation

Answer 144

antihelminthic head lice, scabies, river blindness (onchocerciasis), strongyloidiasis, trichuriasis, ascariasis, filariasis *covid - 19 * not proven to be useful, but likely is

Answer 145

NMDA receptor antagonist: direct actions on the cortex and limbic system > cataleptic state where the pt is withdrawn from the surrounding environment Tx: anesthesia AEs: HTN, increased CO, increased intracranial pressure, hallucinations, vivid dreams, tachycardia, tonic-clonic movements interacts: muscle relaxants CI: HTN, CVA, eye injury, raised ocular intracranial pressure, psychotic disorders

Answer 146

azole antifungal

Answer 147

anticonvulsant or antiepileptic seizures, epilepsy, bipolar

Answer 148

prostaglandin, antiglaucoma analogue of PG F2a > reduces intraocular pressure by increase the outflow of aqueous humor Tx: ocular HTN, open-angle glaucoma AEs: increase brown in irises, blurred vision, burning and stinging, itching, conjunctival hyperemia

Answer 149

GnRH agonist, antineoplastic advanced prostate CA, endometriosis, fibroids

Answer 150

Sinemet: dopamine precursor: levodopa is converted to DA in the CNS, carbidopa inhibits the degradation of levodopa Tx: parkinsons disease AEs: dyskinesias, hallucinations, psychiatric problems - depression with or without SI interacts: pyridoxine, carbidopa, amantadine, anticholinergics, amphetamine, sympathomimetics contraindicated: lactation, narrow angle glaucoma, acute phase of MI

Answer 151

fluoroquinolone ABX

Answer 152

A progestin only IUD (Mirena): inhibits ovulation by negative feedback on the hypothalamus > reduced FSH and LH TX: menorrhagia, pregnancy prevention AEs: *vaginal bleeding alterations, **ectopic pregnancy, acne, ovarian cysts, headache, abd pain, breast pain, fluid retention, edema, changes in libido interacts: cyclosporine contraindications: PREGNANCY X, undx vaginal bleeding, severe arterial disease, liver adenoma, porphyria, hydatiform mole, breast CA, liver shit

Answer 153

tetraiodothyronine/T4, thyroid hormone: converted to T3 in peripheral tissues which binds nuclear receptors, increases gene transcription > increases metabolic rate, protein synthesis, gluconeogenesis, cell growth and differentiation, CNS development Tx: hypothyroidism AEs: insomnia, irritability, tachycardia, wt loss, sxs of hyperthyroidism interacts: bile acid sequestrants decrease its absorption, estrogens can increase thyroid requirement contraindicated: untreated subclinical or overt thyrotoxicosis, MI, uncorrected adrenal insufficiency > thyroid hormone can precipitate an acute adrenal crisis by increasing the metabolic clearance of glucocorticoids

Answer 154

local anesthetic also an antiarrhythmic

Answer 155

synthetic T3: raises BMR, increases the utilization and mobilization of glycogen stores, promotes gluconeogenesis tx: hypothyroidism, non-toxic goiter, myxedema AEs: (all < 3%): tachycardia, hypotension, MI interacts: NaI contraindicated: acute MI, thyrotoxicosis, untreated adrenal insuff. caution in angina, CVD, hypopituitarism, DM.

Answer 156

GLP1 receptor agonist, incretin mimetic, analogue of human glucagon like peptide 1: increases insulin secretion in the presence of elevated blood glucose, delays gastric emptying to decrease postprandial glucose, decreases glucagon secretion Tx: DM, obesity AEs: *nausea*, diarrhea, vomiting, constipation, headache, anti-liraglutide Abs* interacts: because it slows gastric emptying, it carries the risk of decreasing rate of absorption of other drugs, esp those with a narrow therapeutic index contraindications: hx of medullary thyroid carcinoma, MEN2, pregnancy (because wt loss is contraindicated)

Answer 157

ACEI used in HTN, CHF, tx and prevention of DM neuropathy, decreased mortality in pts within 24 hours of an MI - competitively inhibits ACE from converting angio I > angio II (a vasoconstrictor) which in turn decreases vasoconstriction, increase plasma renin, and reduces aldosterone - AEs: dizziness is most common, *dry/persistent cough*, HA, fatigue, URTI, CP, weakness, orthostatic effects, hypotension, hyperkalemia, impotence, dec Hgb, inc serum creat, teratogen, severe hypotension and angioedema could be fatal - interactions: decreased levels with antacids, decreased effect with NSAIDs and salicylates, inc risk of hyperkalemia with K sparing diuretics and trimethoprim, inc risk of hypoglycemia with insulin, inc hypotensive and/or nephrotoxic with TZ diuretics - contraindications: angioedema, BL renal artery stenosis - pregnancy: D in 2/3 TM, cautiously if BFing

Answer 158

Mood stabilizer, antimanic agent: decreases response to 5HT and NE by decreasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and inositol triphosphate TX: bipolar disorder (BD) **monitor serum levels - normal should be between 0.5 and 1.5. above 2.5 is severe toxicity** AEs: polyuria, fatigue, impaired memory, acne, tremor, muscle weakness, ECG changes, GI, hypothyroidism leukocytosis interacts: diuretics, NSAIDs and fluoxetine, neuromuscular blocking agents CI; renal or CVD, sodium depletion, dehydrated, hypothyroidism

Answer 159

anti motility agent, opioid analogue, piperidine derivative: activates opioid receptors in the GI smooth muscle > inhibition of Ach release > decreased gut peristalsis Tx: mild-mod acute diarrhea, chronic diarrhea caused by IBD (can use in crohns, do not use in UC), decreases volume of ileostomy drainage AEs: constipation, drowsiness interacts: additive with CNS depressants (kava, chamomile, valerian) contraindications: bloody diarrhea, high fever, infectious diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis, abd pain without diarrhea, acute UC, < 2 yo

Answer 160

(Claritin) H1 receptor antagonist (second generation antihistamine) does not block muscarinic receptors or cause sedation Txs: seasonal allergies, chronic idiopathic urticaria -AEs: *headache is most common*, fatigue, giddiness, dizziness, dry mouth, nausea, somnolence -interacts: additive with CNS depressants -contraindicated: liver disease, acute asthma attack, pneumonia, lower respiratory disease

Answer 161

iodine replenisher, radiation protectant (thyroid), antihyperthyroid - strong iodine produces a rapid remission of sxs by inhibiting the release of thyroid hormone into circulation. strong iodine: reduces thyroid vascularity, firms glandular tissue, shrinks size of individual cells, re-accumulates colloid in the follicles, and increases bound iodine > all of these actions when given prior to surgery help facilitate a thyroidectomy. - it also protects the thyroid gland by blocking thyroidal uptake of radioactive isotopes of iodine in administration of radioactive isotopes tx: hyperthyroidism, thyroid storm, protection before and after radioactive iodine treatment AEs: N/V, diarrhea, *metallic taste in mouth*, fever, headache, runny nose, sneezing, acne interacts: ACEIs, ARBS, water pills (K sparing diuretics), lithium, drugs that contain K contraindications: excessive iodine could cause hypothyroidism, use in caution w renal impairment

Answer 162

antihelminthic benzimidazole: destroys worm's microtubules in intestinal cells to block the uptake of Glc and other nutrients Tx: 1st line for pinworms, hookworm, roundworm, and whipworm AEs: ALL BENT Angioedema, Alopecia, Liver enzyme elevation, Bone marrow suppression, Epigastric disturbance, Neurological, Teratogenicity interactions: reduced levels with enzyme inducers (phenytoin, carbamazepine) contraindicated: infants and children < 2 yo, pregnancy C

Answer 163

antiemetic, antihistamine

Answer 164

DepoProvera: synthetic progestogen that converts the proliferative phase of endometrium > secretory phase, has androgenic and anabolic activities but no estrogenic effects TX: endometriosis and contraception AEs: depression, fluid retention, fatigue, insomnia, dizziness, headache, nausea, breast tenderness, weight gain or loss, anorexia, cholestatic jaundice, pain at the injection site **this birth control has bone mineral density loss as an adverse effect, where other Progestin only have inc risk of ectopic* interacts: reduced efficacy with aminoglutethimide, enzyme inducing drugs (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin) contraindicated: thromboembolic disorders, cerebral apoplexy, severe liver dz, endx vaginal bleeding, incomplete abortion, hormone-dependent carcinoma, pregnancy X

Answer 165

Progesterone, antineoplastic txs sxs of weight loss and los of appetite in AIDS-related cachexia, breast cancer or endometrial cancer

Answer 166

tryptamine sedative: secreted by the pineal gland Tx: disturbed biorhythms, sleep disorders AEs: increased seizure activity, drowsiness, headaches, disruption of normal circadian rhythm, worsening depressive sxs contraindicated: immunosuppressant treatment

Answer 167

Mobic NSAID

Answer 168

NMDA receptor antagonist severe dementia in AD

Answer 169

protects against 4 types of N meningitides get at 11-12 and booster at 16

Answer 170

meningococcal serogroup A, C, Y, and W-135 - polysaccharide antigens are individually conjugated to *diphtheria toxoid protein carrier CI in infants < 6 weeks

Answer 171

aminosalicylate ulcerative colitis

Answer 172

biguanide: *increases the number and affinity of insulin receptors in the peripheral tissue*, decreases hepatic glucose output, decreases glucose absorption from the gut, increases glucose uptake and utilization in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, doesn't usually cause hypoglycemia, can be used with other antidiabetic agents tx: DM2 AEs: *lactic acidosis*, agitated GI tract (diarrhea, cramps, N/V), NO hypoglycemia, B12 def in higher doses and long term users interactions: alcohol can increase risk of lactic acidosis, cimetidine and furosemide can increase effects contraindicated in renal failure, metabolic acidosis, and DM1

Answer 173

opioid agonist, opioid detox adjunct TX: analgesia, opioid dependence, heroin detox AEs: normal ones of opioids, QT prolongation interacts: a lot contraindicated: acute respiratory depression, acute bronchial asthma, acute alcoholism, paralytic ileus, intracranial pressure or head injury

Answer 174

thionamide hyperthyroidism - BULLET!!

Answer 175

muscle relaxant

Answer 176

antimetabolite and anti-folic acid TX: choriocarcinoma and other trophoblastic tumors, leukemias, severe psoriasis, LP, pemphigus vulgaris, RheumArth, cancer, MS AEs: megaloblastic anemia (form of macrocytic), N/V, stomatitis, hepatotoxicity, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, nephropathy interacts: decreased effectiveness with folic acid CI: severe renal or hepatic involvement, alcoholic liver, disease, pregnancy X, breast feeding

Answer 177

Ritalin, piperidine derivative, methylphenidate class - increases the release of NE > stimulates impulse transmission in the resp system and CNS TX: narcolepsy and ADHD AEs: central stimulation (anxiety, insomnia, tremor, euphoria), CV stimulation (HTN, angina, arrhythmia, tachycardia), GI (anorexia, emesis, diarrhea, abd pain), *risk of tolerance, abuse potential and dependence* interacts: antiHTN, phenytoin, TCAs contraindications: glaucoma, tourettes, serious heart disease, when used with MAOIs > severe HTN reaction

Answer 178

oral CS for asthma Medrol, adrenal glucocorticoid, endocrine-metabolic agent decreases inflammation by suppressing the migration of PMN leukocytes and reversal of increased capillary permeability, suppresses the immune system by reducing activity and volume of the lymphatic system, suppresses adrenal function at high doses Tx: for inflammation and autoimmune conditions: acute asthma, giant cell arteritis, ITP, rheumatoid arthritis, allergies, SLE, transplants, carditis, pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid, acute gout (esp in pts w kidney disease) AEs: IM the HOPE Iatrogenic Cushings, Infections Myopathy (loss of mass and weakness) Hypokalemia, Hypomania Osteoporosis, Osteonecrosis of femoral/humeral heads Peptic ulcers, Pancreatitis Edema (angio or pulm), Eye disorders (cataracts, glaucoma) interacts: NSAIDS (increased risk of GI ulcer), decreased effect with barbituates and phenytoin, decreased effect of salicylates and vaccines, alcohol can increase GI irritation contraindicated: serious infections (except TB and meningitis), varicella, systemic fungal infections

Answer 179

D2 receptor antagonist, antiemetic, GI stimulant: acts on the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla, blocks activation of the vomiting reflex pathway. also enhances motility in GI and increases gastric emptying without effecting secretions. increases duodenal peristalsis > decreases intestinal transit time and increases LES tone tx: 2nd line for GERD, nausea and vomiting assoc with cancer chemo or radiation AEs: METoclopramide effects: mental effects: agitation, anxiety, insomnia, drowsiness Extrapyramidal effects: dystonia, tardive dyskinesia *permanent* Tuberoinfundibular effects: amenorrhea-galactorhea d/t hyperPRL interacts: increased sedative effects with CNS depressants, synergistic toxicity with DA antagonists (promethazine, antipsychotics), antagonized by antimuscarinics and opioids, reduces absorption of digoxin contraindications: gi hemorrhage, parkinsons, perforation, epilepsy, pheochromocytoma, other drugs known to cause extrapyramidal symptoms (phenothiazines, butyrophenones)

Answer 180

beta blocker

Answer 181

nitroimidazole antiprotozoal: protein synthesis inhibition and cell death Tx: *first line for anaerobic bacteria: Bacteroides fragilis (abd/pelvic/pulm infections), C diff (pseudo colitis), and H pylori (ulcers) also anaerobic protozoal: Trich, Amoeba, Giardia AEs: M-NIDA: Metallic taste, Neurotoxicity, Irritated GI, Disulfiram-like reaction, Allergy contraindicated: antimicrobials, phenytoin, breastfeeding

Answer 182

tetracycline ABX

Answer 183

alpha-2-antagonist antidepressant

Answer 184

prostaglandin E1 analogue, anti-ulcer agent: inhibits gastric acid secretion directly by binding to *PG receptor on parietal cell* > increases bicarb, decreases volume and pepsin, protects tight junctions and increases thickness of mucus layer Tx: GI protectant, gastritis, NSAID damage AEs: MAAD: menstrual irregularities (also used in therapeutic abortion), abortion in pregnant women, abd cramps, diarrhea interacts: mg antacids could increase diarrhea risk, could enhance therapeutic effect of carbetocin (avoid use), food decreases absorption rate pregnancy X

Answer 185

ProQuad - LIVE vaccine for measles, mumps, and rubella - could reduce the diagnostic effect of TB tests CI: pregnancy**, active untreated TB

Answer 186

nonamphetamine CNS stimulant: appears to reduce GABA-mediated neurotransmission txs fatigue in MS, and improve wakefulness in excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy AEs: headache, rhinitis, insomnia, *personality disorders*, tremor, anxiety, palpitations interactions: CYP2C19, CYP3A4, cyclosporin, OCPs, warfarin, TCAs, alcohol CI: HTN, arrhythmias, LVH, CP, MVP

Answer 187

strong, topical corticosteroid: anti-inflammatory, antiasthmatic Tx: asthma, tx and prevention of nasal sxs of allergies (runny nose, sneezing, itchy nose), nasal polyps

Answer 188

LT receptor antagonist, antiasthmatic tx: asthma, eosinophilic esophagitis, allergic rhinitis AEs: *headache* interacts: phenobarbital, phenytoin, peripheral edema w prednisone

Answer 189

opioid agonist TX: pain, cough, during labor AEs: most common are pruritus, urinary retention, vomiting, constipation, headache, somnolence. OD > seizures, resp depression, fatal interacts:the norms CI: norms

Answer 190

protein synthesis inhibitor, topical antibiotic: binds to isoleucyl transfer RNA synthetase, active against gram + and some gram - tx: impetigo due to staph or strep, eradication of nasal colonization of staph aureus, infected traumatic lesions AEs: burning, stinging, pain, itching, erythema, dryness, tenderness, dermatitis, rash no common interactions contraindications: burns - toxic amounts of PEG could be absorbed

Answer 191

opioid antagonist, antidote to opioid overdose** has little to no effects if opioids are not present caution: CVD or seizures

Answer 192

opioid antagonist Tx: substance abuse - opioids and alcohol interacts: could increase insulin requirements contraindicated: people who are currently dependent on opioids**

Answer 193

Aleve, analgesic, NSAID, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic inhibits COX and platelet aggregation Tx: inflammatory conditions (RA, OA, AnkSpon, migraine, dysmenorrhea), pain AEs: abd pain, constipation, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, heartburn, nausea, GI bleeding, **GI ulcers**, edema, tinnitus interacts: decreased effect of antihypertensives, might increase levels of cyclosporine, increased risk of seizures with fluoroquinolones, reduce efficacy of diuretics, alcohol might enhance GI irritation contraindications: ASA or NSAID allergy, CABG

Answer 194

outer ear infections - usually ear drops

Answer 195

NSAID ophthalmic - post cataract surgery

Answer 196

cholinergic smoking cessation agent - nicotine is a ganglionic and CNS stimulant > paralyzes all autonomic ganglia after stimulating the respiratory system. larger doses produce a medullary-type convulsions > paralysis AEs: skin reactions, vasculitis, anxiety, vivid dreams, insomnia, nausea, etc interacts: adenosine, bupropion, theophylline, BBs contraindicated: children, recent CVA, acute MI, angina, severe arrhythmias

Answer 197

Macrobid, 5-nitrofurantoin derivative: interfere with cell metabolism and cell wall synthesis, inhibits *acetyl CoA* TX: uncomplicated UTIs and prophylaxis ``` AEs: touching liquid NITRO causes PAIN Pulmonary Toxicity - rare Anemia (hemolytic) in people with G6PD def Irritated GI Neurotoxicity ``` interacts: antagonistic effects with quinolones contraindicated: severe renal impairment, G6PD def, < 3 mo, pregnancy at term, L&D, lactation

Answer 198

organic nitrate vasodilator, antianginal: releases NO into the vascular smooth muscle causing vasodilating, increasing coronary blood flow and decreasing myocardial O2 demand Tx: 2nd med given in suspected MI, prevention of angina due to CAD, refractory HF AEs: headache*, low BP, reflex tachycardia, transient LOC interacts: increases vasodilative effect of sildenafil, may increase hypotensive effect with other antiHTN and alcohol contraindications: severe anemia, sildenafil in the last 24 hours other anginal meds: BBs, CCBs

Answer 199

inhibits gonadotropin secretion from the pituitary, prevents follicular maturation and ovulation, stimulates growth of mammary tissues TX: contraception AEs: HA, nausea, menstrual cramps, breast symptoms contraindications: breast CA, arterial thromboembolic disease, thrombophlebitis, DVT, PE, liver disease or tumors

Answer 200

2nd generation progestin contraception

Answer 201

Mononessa: norgestimate inhibits the secretion of gonadotropins from pituitary, prevents follicular maturation and ovulation, stimulates growth of mammary tissue tx: contraception AEs: GI, changes in appetite or weight, fluid retention, edema, acne, chloasma, allergic skin reactions, urticaria, depression, libido, hair loss, hirsutism, fatigue, drowsiness, insomnia, fever, headache, alterations on cycles, lipid levels, and LFTs contraindicated: undx vaginal bleeding, thromboembolic disorders, breast cancer, estrogen-dependent tumor, liver disease, pregnancy X

Answer 202

polyene antifungal: binds sterols in the cell membrane > leaks out intracellular components TX: topical for candida albicans AEs: uncommon, normal topical SEs

Answer 203

somatostatin analogue decreases GH, antidiarrheal acromegaly, carcinoid tumor, VIPoma

Answer 204

antihistamine eye drop

Answer 205

SSRA, antiemetic: blocks 5-HT3 receptors in the chemo zone of brainstem and GI tract tx: nausea and vomiting AEs: headache, dizziness, constipation interacts: CYP450 caution: pts with liver failure

Answer 206

Miralax, Milk of Magnesia, Sorbitol draw water into the colon to soften poo poo

Answer 207

tamiflu, antiviral: neuraminidase inhibitor prevention and TX of influenza - works for A H3N2 and B strains. resistant to A H1N1 AEs: N/V, abd pain, bronchitis

Answer 208

anticholinergic, antimuscarinic urinary urgency and frequency in overactive bladder

Answer 209

opioid agonist, narcotic analgesic tx: analgesia AEs: micturition difficulties, ureteric or biliary spasm, antimuscarinic effects, hallucinations, dysphoria, dependence, miosis, decreased libido, constipation, insomnia interacts: TCAs, serotonergic drugs, metoclopramide, diuretics CI: resp depression, alcoholism, porphyria, pregnancy D, children < 18

Answer 210

Afrin, Vicks Sinus 12 Hour. imidazoline, decongestant - vasoconstricting effect on mucosal blood vessels and reduces edema tx: nasal congestion AEs: long term use can cause rebound congestion. headache, insomnia, tachycardia, HTN, nervousness, nausea, dizziness, palpitations, arrhythmia contraindicated: glaucoma, hyperthyroidism, heart disease, HTN, children < 6

Answer 211

posterior pituitary hormone, uterine stimulant: induces a rhythmic contraction during labor, increases the tone and amplitude of uterine contractions at small doses TX: postpartum hemorrhage, labor induction, incomplete or inevitable abortion AEs: fetus: jaundice, arrhythmias, bradycardia, CNS damage, seizure, retinal hemorrhage, low Apgar mother: hypotension, reflex tachycardia, nasal irritation, rhinorrhea, lacrimation, uterine bleeding, violent contractions, hypertonicity, spasm, nausea, vomiting interactions: HTN when given with a caudal block, hypotension and bradycardia if given with cyclopropane anesthesia CI: cephalopelvic disproportion, abnormal presentation of fetus, hydraminos, previous C section, hyper active or tonic uterus, uterine rupture, contraindicated vaginal delivery, fetal distress, pre-eclamptic toxicity, pregnancy X

Answer 212

mitotic inhibitor, antineoplastic (M phase specific) TX: advanced ovarian cancer, NSCLC, metastatic ovarian or brain cancer AEs: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, alopecia, anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, peripheral neuropathy, arthralgias, myalgias interacts: cyclosporine, doxorubicin, diazepam contraindicated: pregnancy X, nursing, alcoholism or liver disease, blood dyscrasias

Answer 213

paxil, SSRI

Answer 214

keytruda, immunotherapy advance NSCLC, melanoma, triple negative breast CA, lots of other CAs

Answer 215

chelates copper, As, Pb (PeniCillAmine) Tx: wilson's disease, arsenic poisoning, lead poisoning, RA AEs: bone marrow suppression, dysgeusia, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, can cause secondary nephrotic syndrome contraindicated: penicillin allergy, renal insufficiency, pregnancy D

Answer 216

**usually IV or IM* - penicillin VK usually oral B-lactam antibiotic: binds to specific penicillin binding proteins inside the bacterial cell wall, penicillin G inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis, cell lysis is mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes RHD used in combination w the anthrax vaccine

Answer 217

**usually oral* - penicillin G usually IM or IV B-lactam antibiotic: binds to specific penicillin binding proteins inside the bacterial cell wall, penicillin G inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis, cell lysis is mediated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes ``` treats: GRAM + bacteria: strep (URTI, scarlet fever) pneumococcal (RT, otitis media) staph (skin and soft tissue) bacillus anthracis, corynebacterium diphtheria ``` treats: limited GRAM - bacteria, however can be used in some meningococcal disease (Neisseria meningitides) AEs: **black hair tongue**, diarrhea, nausea, oral candidiasis interacts: decreased effect with doxycycline, increases effect of MTX, decreases effect of BBs contraindications: penicillin allergy, cephalosporins

Answer 218

Trental, xanthine derivative, hemorrheologic *reduces blood viscosity by increasing the deformability of leukocytes and erythrocytes > decreases neutrophil adhesion and activation, improves blood flow for claudication/PAD* Tx: peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disorders, claudication AEs: N/V, dizziness, HA, flushing, angina, palpitations, cardiac arrhythmias, hepatitis, jaundice, blood dyscrasias, agitation, sleep, hypotension, thrombocytopenia, intrahepatic cholestasis interactions: **AEs are increased if used with ciprofloxacin, as cipro increases levels of pentoxifylline** contraindications: hypersensitivity to products containing *xanthine (caffeine, theophylline, theobromine), recent cerebral or retinal hemorrhage, porphyria

Answer 219

pyrethroid, pediculicide: anti lice, ticks, fleas, mites, and other arthropods. acts on the nerve cell membrane to disrupt Na channel current > delayed repol and paralysis of the pest Tx: *sarcoptes scabiei* and *lice* AEs: mild and transient burning and stinging, pruritis interactions: none w topical contraindications: hypersensitivity

Answer 220

nonopioid analgesic, urinary analgesic **AZO dye** use: pain and irritability in cystitis, prostatitis, urethritis AEs: hemolytic anemia, discoloration of urine and other bodily fluids, staining contact lens, crustal deposits in urinary tract CI; renal or liver imapirment

Answer 221

MAOI* the only MAOI in this list: increases endogenous concentration of NE, DA, and 5HT Tx: atypical depression, panic disorder AEs: postural hypotension, dizziness, headache, drowsiness, sleep disturbance, fatigue, rash, decreased sexual ability, constipation, wt gain, urinary retention, leukopenia, hepatitis, jaundice, weakness, tremor, blurred vision interacts: additive w anticholinergics, enhances AEs of B-agonists, Lithium. additive CNS depression with alcohol or other CNS depressants. increased AE with levodopa CI: uncontrolled HTN, CVD, CHF, pheochromocytoma, LFTs, renal disease. CI with ALL antidepressants and anything that has an effect on catecholamines

Answer 222

Adipex, weight loss agent and appetite suppressant sympathomimetic - indirect sympathomimetic with a and B adrenergic agonist activity: stim the cerebral cortex to reduce appetite tx: obesity AEs: palpitations, tachycardia, HTN, overstimulation, euphoria, psychosis, changes to libido and impotence interacts: antacids and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors decrease its excretion. urinary acidifiers increase its excretion. dont use w sympathomimetics. risk of arrhythmias with TCAs, reduces serum concentrations of phenytoin and phenobarbital contraindicated: pulmHTN, HTN, hyperthyroidism, CVD, glaucoma, history of alcohol or drug abuse, within 12 days of MAOIs, lactation

Answer 223

Sudafed PE and nasal spray: sympathomimetic and alpha and weak B adrenergic agonist Tx: nasal congestion, or mydriasis if used as an eye dropper AEs: normal ones, plus: mydriasis, difficulty peeing, urinary retention, hyperglycemia, lactic acidosis. *ophthalmic solutions could liberate pigment granules from the iris causing corneal clouding or damage* interacts: BBs, MAOIs contraindicated: HTN, vtach, closed angle glaucoma **not to be confused with pseudoephedrine = Sudafed (has potential for abuse)**

Answer 224

Dilantin: anticonvulsant: increases efflux/decrease influx of Na in motor cortex > stabilization of membranes > antiseizure. antiarrhythmic by shortening action potentials tx: GPS: 1st line for generalized tonic-clonic seizures, partial seizures, and status epilepticus (after diazepam or lorazepam), sxs of arteriovenous malformations AEs: PHENyTOIN Peripheral neuropathy (but can also tx PN) Hyperplastic gingiva, Hirsutism Enlarged LNs Nystagmus, diplopia, ataxia, sedation Teratogen - fetal hydantoin syndrome Osteomalacia (decreases vitD levels) and megalOblastic anemia (decreases folate levels) Inhibits insulin secretion > DM, Induces SLE Nausea and vomiting interacts: lithium, acyclovir, antineoplastics, benzodiazepines, cipro, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, folic acid, antiarrhythmics, anticonvulsants, antipsychotics, BBs, CCBs, chloramphenicol, corticosteroids, doxycycline, estrogens, HMG-CoA-RIs, methadone, theophylline, TCAs contraindicated: sinus bradycardia, *heart block , Pregnancy D

Answer 225

cholinergic miotic reduces pressure in the eye, treats angle closure glaucoma, ocular hypertension, constrict the pupil, and for dry mouth

Answer 226

thiazolidinedione: activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor - Y in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver. increases gene transcription, insulin sensitivity, and glucose transporters in muscle and adipose tissue, suppresses hepatic glucose output tx: DM2, *2nd line choice, can be used alone or in combination with metformin or insulin* AEs: GLITAbone: gain of weight, liver toxicity, increased fluid retention (edema), TG lowered (but HDL and LDL raised ), avoid in pts with HF or liver disease, bone fractures are increased in upper arms/feet/hands in female pts interacts: CYP450 3A4, might reduce levels of contraceptives contraindicated: HF, liver disease. Pregnancy C - insulin is preferred however

Answer 227

Pneumovax - S. pneumonie capsular Ags

Answer 228

now inactivated since 2000 oral is given in other countries

Answer 229

oral or injection to prevent or treat hypokalemia

Answer 230

antigenic purified protein derivative of mycobacterium tuberculosis used to diagnose TB: inject 0.1mL intradermally and read result in 48-72 hours > + if there is a 10 mm induration

Answer 231

Mirapex: dopamine agonist: a nonergot DA R agonist used as an adjunct to levodopa or as a monotherapy TX: PD, restless leg syndrome AE: sudden onset of sleep without drowsiness, confusion, drowsiness, hallucinations, dyskinesia interacts: antipsychotics, cimetidine, sedatives or alcohol contraindications: can shut down lactation

Answer 232

corticosteroid arthritis, inflammatory conditions

Answer 233

Deltasone, adrenal glucocorticoid, endocrine-metabolic agent decreases inflammation by suppressing the migration of PMN leukocytes and reversal of increased capillary permeability, suppresses the immune system by reducing activity and volume of the lymphatic system, suppresses adrenal function at high doses Tx: for inflammation and autoimmune conditions: acute asthma, giant cell arteritis, ITP, rheumatoid arthritis, allergies, SLE, transplants, carditis, pemphigus vulgaris and bullous pemphigoid, acute gout (esp in pts w kidney disease) AEs: IM the HOPE Iatrogenic Cushings, Infections Myopathy (loss of mass and weakness) Hypokalemia, Hypomania Osteoporosis, Osteonecrosis of femoral/humeral heads Peptic ulcers, Pancreatitis Edema (angio or pulm), Eye disorders (cataracts, glaucoma) interacts: NSAIDS (increased risk of GI ulcer), decreased effect with barbituates and phenytoin, decreased effect of salicylates and vaccines, alcohol can increase GI irritation contraindicated: serious infections (except TB and meningitis), varicella, systemic fungal infections

Answer 234

Lyrica: anticonvulsant, analgesic: GABA analogue that binds to Ca channels in the CNS TX: neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, post-herpetic neuralgia, partial seizures AEs:*dizziness > somnolence* > ataxia* > preipheral edema and weight gain > dry mouth > fatigue, tremor, blurred vision interacts: ACEIs, CNS depressants, rosiglitazone pregnancy C

Answer 235

precursor to steroid hormones for *memory enhancement

Answer 236

local anesthetic in dentistry

Answer 237

piperazine phenothiazine*, antiemetic, anxiolytic, antipsychotic: blocks D2 R antidopaminergic effects > increased DA turnover. also blocks anticholinergic and alpha-adrenergic receptors > sedation, muscle relaxation, hypotension Tx: schizophrenia, severe nausea/vomiting, psychosis AEs: inability to sit still, *sedation, anticholinergic effects, can cause photosensitive reaction to sun exposure*, **tardive dyskinesia with long term use** interacts: additive antocholinergic effects with antihistamines, TCAs, and drugs used in parkinsons. angelica and hypericum both increase photosensitivity. kava increases dystonic reactions contraindications: coma, severe CNS depression, poorly controlled seizures, subcortical brain damage, severe HTN, severe CVD, lactation, children < 2. pregnancy C

Answer 238

a progestin: the main hormone secreted by the corpus luteum, induces secretory changes in the endometrium, promotes mammary gland development, relaxes the uterus, blocks follicular maturation and ovulation, maintains pregnancy TX: amenorrhea, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, contraception, PMS AEs: GI disturbances, appetite and weight change, fluid retention, edema, acne, skin rash, depression, headache, fever, fatigue, breast changes, hirsutism, libido changes, altered menstrual cycles or irregular menstrual bleeding interacts: enhanced clearing with carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, could inhibit cyclosporine metabolism contraindications: thrombophlebitis, severe liver impairment, undx vaginal bleeding, incomplete abortion, hormone-dependent carcinoma, as a DX test for pregnancy, pregnancy

Answer 239

phenothiazine, antiemetic, 1st generation antihistamine allergies, motion sickness, sedative **purple drank/sizzurp = promethazine + codeine**

Answer 240

Beta bLOcker (LOLO > OLOL) (B1 and B2 adrenoreceptor antagonist - heart and lungs) - reduces heart rate and contractility (B1), causes vasoconstriction, increase in respiratory smooth muscle constriction/bronchoconstriction (B2) Tx: hypertension, angina, arrhythmias, migraine prevention, post-MIs, cardiomyopathy, GAD, phobias - AEs: 2BBS: bradycardia, bronchospasm, sadness, blood vessel spasm/peripheral vascular disease, blunted hypoglycemia in DMs, sexual dysfunction - interactions: nitrates and other hypotensives > more hypotension. digoxin > more bradycardia. decreases effects of DA - contraindications: sinus Brady, 2nd/3rd degree heart block, cardiac failure, cariogenic shock, severe hemorrhage, asthma/COPD, peripheral vascular disease, caution in diabetes, dont stop abruptly (tachycardia and rebound HTN) - pregnancy category C

Answer 241

thioamide derivative: binds to thyroid peroxidase and inhibits the conversion of iodide > iodine which inhibits the production of new thyroid hormone, as iodine is needed Tx: hyperthyroidism AEs: AAASH: Agranulocytosis (leukopenia), Alopecia, Arthralgia, Skin rash (maculopapular pruritic), Hepatitis, cholestatic jaundice interacts: increase the effect of blood thinners (warfarin) contraindicated: hypothyroidism, pregnancy D

Answer 242

Sudafed *abuse potential > used to make meth* alpha and B-adrenergic agonist, decongestant - vasoconstriction of respiratory mucosa (a) and bronchial relaxation, increased heart rate and contractility (B) Tx: nasal congestion AEs: angina, rebound congestion, fear, confusion, psychotic, reduced appetite, cerebral hemorrhage, reflex bradycardia, tachycardia, hypotension and dizziness, fainting, flushing, etc interacts: HTN and arrhythmia risk when given with cardiac glycosides, quinidine, or TCAs. increased vasoconstriction with ergot alkaloids or oxytocin. MAOIs > HTN crisis contraindicated: HTN, pheochromocytoma * not to be confused with phenylephrine (Sudafed PE)*

Answer 243

atypical antipsychotic schizophrenia, bipolar, mania, depression

Answer 244

``` Evista, SERM, selective estrogen receptor modulator, endocrine-metabolic agent selective agonist (on bone by preventing bone loss and on cholesterol metabolism by decreasing total and LDL chol) OR antagonist (estrogen effects leading to dev of breast and uterine cancer) ``` Tx: prophylaxis of postmenopausal osteoporosis AEs: *hot flushes, flu syndrome, leg cramps, arthralgia*, sleep disorders, peripheral edema, vag bleeding, rashes, GI disturbance, HTN, headache, sinusitis interacts: with warfarin could reduce PT response time contraindications: active or past history of VTEs, hepatic and severe renal impairment, pregnancy X and lactation

Answer 245

H2 antagonist, anti-ulcer agent: competitively inhibit histamine at the gastric *parietal cell* H2 receptor > inhibition of gastric acid and secretion at the H/K proton pump > promotes the healing of ulcers and relieves GI discomfort tx: PUD, dyspepsia, stress-induced gastritis, GERD AE: *headache*, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, abd pain interacts: antacids could interfere with absorption, might interfere with warfarin clearance, watch closely for bleeding, smoking could increase gastric acid secretion and worsen disease (avoid) contraindications: breastfeeding, gynecomastia, it IS safe in pregnancy

Answer 246

Rotarix, RotaTeq LIVE, attenuated - active immunity for the prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis AEs: normal ones, nasopharyngitis, bronchospasm, otitis media, hematochezia, seizures CI: SCID, infants with a hx of intussusception, uncorrected congenital malformation of the GI tract

Answer 247

rifamycin derivative: inhibits DNA-dependent RNApol tx: TB, leprosy, prophylaxis of meningitis and Hib AEs: *red discoloration of tears/urine/saliva/sweat*, elevated LFTs interactions: CYP - lots of interactions, can reduce OCP efficacy contraindicated: live bacterial vaccines, antivirals

Answer 248

macrolactam IBS and travelers diarrhea

Answer 249

atypical antipsychotic: blocks 5HT and DA Rs mostly. also H1 and a-adrenergic. Tx: schizophrenia, can improve choreic movements in Huntingtons patients, delirium (not dementia) AEs: aggressive behavior, dizziness, extrapyramidal symptoms*, insomnia, increased PRL* interactions: DA agonists, carbamazepine, CNS depressants CI: lactation

Answer 250

Xa inhibitor anticoag

Answer 251

exact same as donepezil, copied below: Acetylcholineesterase inhibitor: inhibits cholinesterase in the CNS Tx of Myasthenia Gravis, dementia (not delirium), Alzheimers AEs: GI (diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, increased gastric acid secretion), bradycardia, insomnia interacts: increased cholinergic drugs, decreases anticholinergic drug effects relative CI: bradycardia, arrhythmia, CHF, CAD, asthma, COPD, ulcers

Answer 252

long acting B2 agonist: increases cAMP, relaxes bronchial smooth muscles, inhibits the late phase of allergen-induced bronchoconstrictions tx: asthma when used with glucocorticoids, prevents nocturnal and exercise- induced attacks. not for use in acute bronchospasm * given BID, is slower and longer acting than albuterol* AEs: *black box warning for asthma-related death*, tachycardia, headache, nervousness interacts: BB, caffeine CI: status asthmaticus, acute asthma

Answer 253

aka hyoscine (tropane alkaloid): antimuscarinic - blocks acetylcholine, transdermal patch for motion sickness, N/V

Answer 254

antiseborrheic, antifungal: cytostatic effect on cells of the epidermis to reduce corneocyte production, can block enzymes responsible for epithelial growth tx: tinea versicolor, dandruff/seborrhea AEs: transient itching, irritation, burning contraindications: dont use in eyes, mouth, anus, or vagina

Answer 255

phosphodiesterase inhibitor: PDE degrades cGMP in the corpus cavernosum, when inhibited > smooth muscle relaxation and inflow of blood to the corpus cavernosum TX: ED AE: *headache*, epistaxis, insomnia, tachycardia interacts: alpha blockers, nitrates CI: nitrates > fatal hypotension

Answer 256

DDP-4: dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor: DDP-4 rapidly inactivates incretin, by inhibiting this enzyme and therefore increasing incretin > helps to increase insulin release and decrease circulating glucose TX: DM2 AEs: nasopharyngitis > diarrhea > headache > constipation > peripheral edema > nausea > pharyngitis > OA interacts with: insulin and sulfonylureas, increased risk of hypoglycemia contraindicated: DM1, DKA

Answer 257

phosphoric acid salt, saline laxative: exerts osmotic effect in the SI by drawing water into the lumen of the gut and producing distention, promoting peristalsis and evacuation of bowels. phosphorus also participates in bone deposition, calcium metabolism, utilization of B complex vitamins, buffer in acid/base equilibrium tx: colonoscopy, natural cathartic laxative, constipation AEs: ARF, hypocalcemia, hypernatremia, hyperphosphatemia contraindicated: children 2-11 and elderly, dont use when there is N/V/severe abd pain, caution in renal impairment or ascites

Answer 258

antispasmodic overactive bladder

Answer 259

growth hormone GH def, Turner syndrome, short stature

Answer 260

Aldosterone Antagonist, **K sparing** diuretic, anti-androgen: binds receptors in the DVT to increase Na and water excretion, but decrease K excretion. decreases T levels by inhibiting 17-20-desmolase and increasing conversion of T > E2 Tx: HTN, CHF, edema, hypokalemia, primary hyperaldosteronism AEs: *gynecomastia, impotence, irregular menses, *hyperkalemia* monitor , *metabolic acidosis, gastric distress, peptic ulcers interactions: hyperkalemia with ARBs or K supplements contraindications: anuria, acute renal insufficiency, significant impairment of renal excretory function, Addisons disease or other conditions assoc with hyperkalemia

Answer 261

sucrose-sulfate-aluminum complex, pepsin inhibitor: possibly stimulates PG synthesis or creates a physical barrier to protect the GI tract from stomach acid and promotes bicarb production Tx: duodenal ulcer, stress ulcer AEs: *constipation* interacts: requires an acidic environment to work, avoid with antacids, H2 blockers, PPIs contraindications: hypersensitivity

Answer 262

topical antiobiotic for acne, dandruff, seb derm, skin infections

Answer 263

DMARD, folate antagonist, salicylate - sulfonamide analog anti-inflammatory Tx: IBD (Crohns and UC), AnkSpon, RheumArthritis AEs: *anorexia, headache, nausea, vomiting, gastric distress, reversible oligospermia* interactions: reduced absorption of folic acid and digoxin * supplement with folic acid contraindications: *hypersensitivity to sulfasalazine, sulfonamides, or salicylates*, intestinal or urinary obstruction, porphyria, < 2 yo, pregnancy C/D, breastfeeding

Answer 264

triptan - 5HT1 agonist: vasoconstriction of cranial arteries and/or inhibition of neurogenic inflammatory process in the CNS Tx: migraine and cluster headaches (not tension) **abortive** interacts: ergotamines CI: not to be used prophylactically in pts with basilar or hemiplegic or ophthalmologic migraine, *sulfonamides allergy*

Answer 265

immune suppressant organ transplants

Answer 266

SERM ER+ Breast Ca

Answer 267

Flomax: alpha 1 adrenergic antagonist alpha blocker (all BPH alpha blockers end in osin) - causes smooth muscle relaxation: blocks DHT from binding to stromal and epithelial receptors TX: BPH, bladder outlet obstruction, ureteral calculi, hepatic or renal impairment AEs: abnormal ejaculation, arthralgia, orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, headache, rhinitis, infection interacts: CYP2D6, CYP3A4 CI: lactation

Answer 268

alpha 1 blocker (all BPH alpha blockers end in osin) BPH and HTN

Answer 269

allylamine, antifungal: inhibits squalene epoxidase (main enzyme in sterol synthesis), results in an *ergosterol deficiency* in the fungal cell walls, can use against dermatophytes and some yeast Tx: dermatophytosis/fingernail infections (6 weeks) toenails (12 weeks), *first line oral for onychomycosis of nails* AEs: elevated liver function tests, slightly hepatotoxic, anorexia, diarrhea, vomiting interacts: increases hepatotoxicity with other hepatotoxic drugs, increases SSRI, BB, MAOI, and warfarin effects contraindications: active or chronic liver disease, renal disease, lactation

Answer 270

men: sexual dysfunction women: hot flashes improved libido, inc bone mass, increased sense of well-being

Answer 271

adsorbed diphtheria, tetanus (clostridium tetani), whole-cell or acellular pertussis AEs: unusual crying

Answer 272

sedative drug used to relieve nausea in pregnancy > phocomelia/deformities *did not damage the fetus if taken after 42 days gestation* also used in leprosy and cancer

Answer 273

beta blocker also used to reduce pressure in the eye

Answer 274

long-acting antimuscarinic and anticholinergic bronchodilator used in maintenance tx of COPD AEs: **URTI, dry mouth and sinusitis**, constipation, cough, tachycardia, UTI, pupil dilation, etc contraindicatedL allergy to milk proteins, lactose allergy *same drug as ipratropium bromide, but longer acting*

Answer 275

short acting muscle relaxant spasticity associated with MS or spinal cord lesions

Answer 276

JAK inhibitor, immune modulatory: prevents th body from responding to cytokine signals tx of RA AEs: *increase in infection*, URTI, headache, diarrhea, nasopharyngitis, UTI, HTN interacts: CYP450 3A4, immunosuppressive drugs contraindicated: active TB and severe infections

Answer 277

anticholinergic, urinary antispasmodic competitive antagonist at postganglionic muscarinic (affects bladder and salivation) receptors Tx: urinary incontinence AEs: tachycardia, dry mouth, dry eyes, headache, dizziness, blurred vision, abd pain Interacts: drugs that inhibit CYP2D6 (fluoxetine, amiodarone, cimetidine) *remember TOlteroDin6 (2D6) Contraindications: urinary retention, gastric retention, uncontrolled narrow-angle glaucoma

Answer 278

anticonvulsant migraine *preventive, seizures, epilepsy

Answer 279

opiate analgesic

Answer 280

monoclonal Ab HER2 + breast and stomach cancer

Answer 281

triazolopyridine derivative, anxiolytic: 5HT2 antagonist and serotonin reuptake inhibitor tx: depression, panic, anxiety AEs: drowsiness, dry mouth, headache, blurred vision, N/V interacts: MAOIs CI: recent MI, pregnancy, SI

Answer 282

topical retinoid for acne

Answer 283

oral corticosteroid: minimal to no mineralocorticoid activity: suppresses migration of PMN leukocytes and fibroblasts and reversing cap permeability TX: Rheumatic and arthritic disorders, dermatoses, MS, inflammatory and allergic conditions AEs: small amount - joint swelling, contusions, sinusitis, cough interactions: mifepristone (used in abortion) contraindications: systemic fungal infection, ITP, live or live attenuated vaccines

Answer 284

diuretic - of DRT and CD - decreases RA of Na, increases RA of K > decreases the RA of water

Answer 285

folate antagonist antibiotic: TMP inhibits folate redox, SMX inhibits *folate synthesis* TX:Pneumocystis Carinii pneumonia in AIDS, RTIs (alternative to B-lactams for S pneumonia, Moraxella, H flu), 1st line for prophylaxis in animal bites, 2nd line for cellulitis, UTIs and prostatitis caused by gram - rods (proteus, e coli, enterobacter, kleb, serratia), SI infections caused by shigella and salmonella AEs: TMP: Thrombocytopenia and leukopenia, Megaloblastic anemia, Preventable with concurrent use of folinic acid Interacts: additive folate def with phenytoin and MTX. could potentiate sulfonylureas, increase TZ diuretic thrombocytopenia, increased risk of bleeding with warfarin contraindicated: **sulfa allergy**, megaloblastic or folate deficient anemia, SLE, < 2 mo, Pregnancy D, G6PD

Answer 286

(NEOmycin, baCitracin, POlymyxin B) tx: minor cuts, scrapes, and burns AEs: allergic contact dermatitis CI: eyes, large areas

Answer 287

bile acid decreases cholesterol, increases bile acid flow

Answer 288

dessicated Armour Thyroid hypothyroidism

Answer 289

nucleoside analogue, antiviral. rapidly converted to acyclovir by gut and liver > inhibits DNA synthesis and viral replication for *HSV 1 and 2, VZV (shingles) tx: shingles and herpes, prophylaxis of CMV in IC pts AEs: HA, nausea, diarrhea, elevated AST and ALT, neutropenia and nasopharyngitis interacts: increased nephrotoxicity w other NT drugs

Answer 290

potentially a Na channel blocker and GABA increaser epilepsy, bipolar disorder, migraine prevention

Answer 291

angiotensin II receptor antagonist: blocks ARs > blocks effects of angio II (vasoconstriction, increased renal pressure, simulates aldosterone production > increased salt and water retention) > decreases peripheral vascular resistance, decreases effective circulating volume in the body Tx: HTN, HF in pts who cannot use ACEIs, reduce CV death in stable pts after MI AEs: *dizziness, hyperkalemia, hypotension interacts: if combined with K-sparing diuretics or K supplements, can cause hyperkalemia contraindicated: PREGNANCY D: because it acts directly on RAAS system can cause injury or death to fetus. dont use in lactation either

Answer 292

cell wall synthesis inhibitor/glycopeptide ABX treats colitis after abx treatment

Answer 293

chantix: nicotinic Ach R partial agonist: acts on the mesolimbic DA system to prevent nicotine stimulation (or at least to a lesser degree than nicotine) AEs: nausea, insomnia, *abnormal dreams, suicidal ideation* interacts: other NRT CI: nonsmokers

Answer 294

for chicken pox **contraindicated in pregnancy - as well as MMR**

Answer 295

Effexor: antidepressant: S, NE, and DA RI tx: depression, panic disorder, GAD, social enxiety AEs: asthenia, dry mouth, diaphoresis, abnormal ejaculation, impotence interacts: MAOIs > neuroleptic malignant syndrome (hyperthermia, seizures, death)

Answer 296

CCB, calcium channel blocker

Answer 297

mitotic inhibitor, antineoplastic (specific to M phase) - arrests metaphase, blocks glutamic acid utilization, inhibits purine synthesis, TCA cycle, and urea formation, interferes with NA and protein synthesis tx: hodgkin lymphoma, testicular cancer, lymphocytic lymphoma, kaposis AEs: anemia, leukopenia, myelosuppression, alopecia interacts: **phenytoin** CI: severe bone marrow suppression, bacterial infection, porphyria, elderly, pregnancyD

Answer 298

given to BBs to prevent bleeding /HDN

Answer 299

Coumadin Anticoagulant, coumarin derivative inhibits the synthesis of Vit K dep coag fators, will not effect an established thrombus Tx: prevention and TX of venous thromboembolism, MI, afib, DVT, PE AEs: ABC broadcasts the WAR: abortion, birth defects, bleeding with an increased PT, cutaneous necrosis interactions: *avoid major changes in foods high in Vit K* (green veggies), increased effects by (acetaminophen, androgens, BBs, corticosteroids, omeprazole. phenytoin), increased effect by agents that inhibit platelets (cephalosporins, NSAIDs, penicillin, salicylates, onion, *garlic, ginger, ginkgo*) contraindicated: hemorrhagic tendencies, surgery, peptic ulcer, severe HTN, bacterial endocarditis, CV disorders, aneurysms, pericardial effusion, eclampsia and preeclampsia, threatened abortion, alcoholism, severe hepatic and renal impairment - pregnancy category X

Answer 300

nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs): thymidine analogue which inhibits DNA replication TX: AIDS, HIV, HIV prophylaxis AEs: headache, N/V/weakness, rash, diarrhea, anemia interacts: benzos increase HA, methadone, myelosuppressive drugs contraindications: lactation. pregnancy C

Answer 301

nonbarbiturate hypnotic, sedative binds to BDZ Rs of GABA complex in the cerebellum > strong sedative, mild anxiolytic. rapid onset, short duration TX: insomnia AEs: rebound insomnia on abrupt discontinuation, additive effects w CNS agents, has less SEs than benzos interactions: TCA, alcohol contraindicated: severe hepatic insufficiency

Answer 302

Shingrix for prevention only, of shingles

Answer 303

macrolides: azithromycin, erythromycin, clarithromycin

Answer 304

warfarin, raloxifene, atorvastatin, isotretinoin, misoprostol, anastrozole, methotrexate, estradiol, estrone, levonoregestrel, medroxyprogesterone, norgestimate, oxytocin, hydroxyzine, finasteride, thalidomide

Answer 305

sulfasalazine, sulfonamide ABX (SMX-TMP), dapsone might be OK: HCTZ, furosemide, glyburide, glimepiride, celecoxib, imitrex

Answer 306

5 FU, anti-folates (MTX, SMX-TMP), phenytoin, OCPs, anticonvulsants, alcohol, antacids, anti-inflammatories, ABX, anticonvulsants, biguandies, bile acid sequestrants, diuretics, H2 antagonists

Answer 307

HCTZ, furosemide, digoxin

Answer 308

to eradicate H. Pylori, use the following ABCs of TreatMent: ``` Amoxicillin Bismuth Clarithromycin Tetracycline Metronidazole ```

Answer 309

dextroamphetamine, methylphenidate, oxymetazoline, pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine, phentermine

Answer 310

aspirin, bismuth subsalicylate, magnesium salicylate

Answer 311

metronidazole + a quinolone (cipro) or TMP-SMX

Answer 312

hydralazine, chlorpromazine, sulfasalazine, procainamide, carbamazepine, ethosuxamide, phenytoin, quinidine, amiodarone, some beta blockers, some calcium channel blockers, and many others.

DONE: Pharmacology (core + elective) Flashcards

Goes alphabetically, then has big ideas at the end with ZZ. the elective drugs dont have a lot of info on them - mainly just class and sometimes clinical use (345 cards)