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PHARMACOLOGY > Drugs Acting on the CNS and PNS > Flashcards

Drugs Acting on the CNS and PNS Flashcards

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1
Q

relieve MSK pain or spasm and severe MSK spasticity

A

muscle relaxants

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2
Q

2 main classes of muscle relaxants

A
  • centrally-acting
  • peripherally-acting
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3
Q

target organ of centrally-acting muscle relaxants

A

brain

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4
Q

what is the MOA of centrally-acting muscle relaxants

A

depress neuronal conduction, neuromuscular transmission, or muscle excitability; depress the CNS

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5
Q

most common centrally-acting muscle relaxant

A

baclofen

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6
Q

Muscle Relaxants

chlorzoxazone may discolor the urine, becoming ________ to ________ when metabolized and excreted

A

orange to purplish-red

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7
Q

target organ of peripherally-acting muscle relaxants

A

skeletal muscle

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8
Q

most common peripherally-acting muscle relaxant

A

dantrolene sodium

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9
Q

what is the MOA of peripherally-acting muscle relaxants

A

interferes with calcium ion release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and weakens the force of contraction

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10
Q

patients should exercise at the muscle relaxants’ ________ effect

A

peak

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11
Q

sedatives reduce ________ or ________

A

activity or excitement

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12
Q

when given in large doses, sedatives are considered __________

A

hypnotics

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13
Q

3 main classes of synthetic drugs used as sedatives and hypnotics

A
  • benzodiazepines
  • barbiturates
  • nonbenzodiazepine-nonbarbiturate drugs
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14
Q

Sedatives and Hypnotics

minor tranquilizer

A

benzodiazepines

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15
Q

medications under benzodiazepines

A

-zepam

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16
Q

what is GABA

A

gama aminobutyric acid

inhibits neural firing

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17
Q

what is the MOA of benzodiazepines

A

stimulate GABA receptors in the ascending reticular activating system (RAS) of the brain

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18
Q

Sedatives and Hypnotics

major pharmacologic action is to reduce the overall CNS alertness

A

barbiturates

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19
Q

medications under barbiturates

A

-barbital

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20
Q

what is the MOA of barbiturates

A

depress sensory cortex of the brain, decrease major activity, alter cerebral function, and produce drowsiness, sedation and hypnosis

depress all levels of the CNS

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21
Q

Sedatives and Hypnotics

act as hypnotics for short-treatment of simple insomnia

A

nonbenzodiazepines-nonbarbiturates

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22
Q

what is the MOA of nonbenzodiazepines-nonbarbiturates

A

MOA is not fully known but thought to produce depressant effects similar to barbiturates

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23
Q
  • also known as anxiolytics
  • used primarily to treat anxiety disorders
A

antianxiety drugs

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24
Q

3 main types of antianxiety drugs

A
  • benzodiazepines
  • barbiturates
  • buspirone
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25
the first anxiolytic in a class of drugs known as azaspirodecanedione derivatives
buspiron hydrochloride
26
what is the MOA of buspirone
produce various effects in the midbrain and act as a midbrain modulator, possibly due to its high affinity for serotonin receptors
27
antidepressants include (3)
* monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI) * tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) * selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
28
what is the function of monoamine oxidase
detroys epinephrine
29
what is the MOA of MAOI
inhibits monoamine oxidase, making more norepinephrine and serotonin available to the receptors
30
# MAOIs severe reaction may occur if taken with food rich in ________ and ________
tyramine and protein
31
what is the MOA of TCAs
increase the amount of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both by preventing their reuptake into the storage granules in the presynaptic nerves
32
formerly known as 2nd generation antidepressants
SSRIs
33
what is the MOA of SSRIs
inhibit the neuronal reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin
34
# Antidepressants some are used to treat OCD
SSRIs
35
in parkinson's disease, the levels of dopamine are ________ while the acetylcholine are ________
decreased; normal
36
what are the 2 goals of antiparkinsonian drugs
* promote the secretion of dopamine (dopaminergic) * inhibit the cholinergic effects (anticholinergic)
37
what is the MOA of anticholinergic as an antiparkinsonian drug
inhibits the action of acetylcholine at the receptor sites in the CNS and ANS, thus reducing tremors
38
what is the MOA of dopaminergic drugs
increases dopamine concentration and/or enhancing the neurotransmission of dopamine | in the midbrain
39
________ is the most effective drug used to treat Parkinson's disease
levodopa
40
why is antiparkinsonian taken with antipsychotics?
one of the extrapyramidal reaction of antipsychotic is pseudoparkinsonism
41
usually prescribed for long term management of chronic epilepsy (recurrent seizures) or short-term management of acute isolated seizures not caused by epilepsy, such as after trauma or brain injury
anticonvulsant drugs
42
the first anticonvulsant of choice used to treat seizures
hydantoins (Dilantin)
43
what is the MOA of hydantoins
stabilize neurons to keep them from being overexcited; inhibits impulses
44
________ is the most commonly prescribed anticonvulsant drug because of its effectiveness and low toxicity
phenytoin
45
what is the MOA of barbiturates as an anticonvulsant
stabilize nerve membranes throughout the CNS directly by influencing ion channels in the cell membrane
46
what is the MOA of iminostilbenes
inhibit the spread of seizure activity or neuromuscular transmission in general
47
________ is the drug of choice in adults and children for treating generalized tonic-clonic seizures and simple and complex partial seizures
carbamazepine | iminostilbenes
48
what is the MOA of benzodiazepines as an anticonvulsant
stabilize nerve membranes throughout the CNS to decrease excitability and hyperexcitability to stimulation
49
what is the MOA of valproic acid
unknown MOA but thought to increase the level of GABA
50
control psychotic symptoms such as delusion, hallucinations, and thought disorders that can occur with schizophrenia, mania and other psychoses
antipsychotic agents
51
various names of antipsychotic agents (3)
* antipsychotics * major tranquilizer * neuroleptic
52
# Various Names of Antipsychotic Agents eliminate the signs and symptoms of psychoses
antipsychotics
53
# Various Names of Antipsychotic Agents calms an agitated patient
major tranquilizer
54
# Various Names of Antipsychotic Agents can cause an adverse neurobiological effect that causes abnormal body movements
neuroleptic
55
two major groups of antipsychotic agents
* typical antipsychotics * atypical antipsychotics
56
what is the difference between typical and atypical antipsychotics
typical - has more side effects atypical - lesser SE; not as effective as typical
57
# Typical Antipsychotics * primarily cause sedation and anticholinergic effects and are moderately potent drugs * strong sedative effect, decrease BP and may cause moderate EPS (pseudoparkinsonism)
aliphatics
58
# Typical Antipsychotics * primarily cause extrapyramidal reactions * low sedative effect, little effect on BP and strong antiemetic effect
piperazines
59
# Typical Antipsychotics * primarily cause sedation * strong sedative effect, cause few EPS, low to moderate effect on BP, and have no antiemetic effect
piperidines
60
examples of extrapyramidal reactions (3)
* pseudoparkinsonism (decreased dopamine) * slurring of speech * tardive dyskinesia (late signs of abnormal movement)
61
what is the MOA of typical antipsychotics
blocks postsynaptic dopaminergic receptors in the brain | blocks dopamine
62
what is the most common side effect of atypical antipsychotics
weight gain
63
what is the MOA of atypical antipsychotics
block dopamine receptors but not as effective as the typical, in addition to blocking serotonin receptor activity

PHARMACOLOGY (6 decks)

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