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DSA Neuroanat. Of Gustation And Olfaction Flashcards

1
Q

What makes olfactory receptor neurons very sensitive?

A

Thin nasal bones

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2
Q

What do olfactory receptor neurons recognize?

Allows for role in what?

A

Recognize 1000s of airborne odors

Role in pleasure assoc. w/ eating and in recognizing environments

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3
Q

What are the 4 basic tastes?

Fifth?

A

Sweet
Salty
Sour
Bitter

Umami

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4
Q

What recognizes a wider variety of sensations?

Nose or tongue?

A

Nose

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5
Q

What is the sensation of Umami important for?

A

ID of Amino Acids

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6
Q

How do we perceive different tastes?

A

Different combos of taste receptors

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7
Q

How does smell get transmitted to brain?

A

Smell —> filtered thru nostrils —> back of nose —> Olfactory epithelium —> olfactory receptor cells —> olfactory tract —> brain

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8
Q

What is unique about the olfactory epithelium?

A

Pigmented and we don’t know why

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9
Q

What is the only neuron that gets replaced regularly?

A

Olfactory receptor neurons

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10
Q

Where will the olfactory tracts make stops in the Brain?

A

Amygdala
Thalamus
Neocortex

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11
Q

What is the olfactory bulb for?

Where is it?

A

Helps humans smell

Lies in cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

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12
Q

What is the olfactory tract for?

A

Helps transmit sensory info from environment to the brain

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13
Q

Where is the cribriform plate?

A

Rostral end of olfactory sulcus and anterior cranial fossa

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14
Q

What helps keep the nasal cavity moist?

A

Ducts and gland of the olfactory epithelium

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15
Q

Where are the dendrites and receptors of the olfactory nerves?

A

Extended into the olfactory epithelium for good exposure to smell molecules

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16
Q

What are the layers of the olfactory epithelium, histologically?

A 
Lamina propria
Basal cells
Olfactory receptor neurons
Supporting/sustentacular cellls
Brush cells
Cilia
Mucus
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17
Q

In the Olfactory Epithelium,

What is the lamina propria?
Role?

A

Layer of ct

Holds immune cells - important bc mucosa is directly exposed to external environment

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18
Q

In the Olfactory Epithelium,

What is the basal cell layer?
Role?

A

Cells next to basement membrane

Act as stem cells for ORNs and supporting cells
Will continuously turn over
Life span of 30-60 days

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19
Q

In the Olfactory Epithelium,

What is the Olfactory Receptor Neuron layer?
Role?

A

Cell bodies of nerve

Single dendrite will extend to mucus layer

Axons to olfactory bulb thru the lamina propria

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20
Q

In the Olfactory Epithelium,

What is the Supporting/Sustentacular Cell layer?
Role?

A

Cells that offer physical and metabolic support to surrounding cells

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21
Q

In the Olfactory Epithelium,

What are the brush cells?

A

Ciliated columnar epithelial cells

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22
Q

In the Olfactory Epithelium,

How would you describe the layer of cilia?

A

Non-motile

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23
Q

In the Olfactory Epithelium,

How is the mucus made?

A

Made and secreted by glands and ducts in OE

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24
Q

Where are olfactory receptor neurons located?

A

On roof of nasal cavity
Inferior surface of cribriform plate
Along nasal septum
On medial wall of superior turbinate

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25
How many dendrites does CN1 have? What does it do? Where is its receptor?
Single dendritic process per neuron that receives info from environment Receptor is in olfactory mucus of superior portion of nasal cavity
26
What is the purpose of the Cilia of Olfactory receptor Neurons?
Non-motile Have odorant receptors (GPCRS-Golf) that will send signal to olfactory bulb
27
How is smell transmitted? (4 steps)
1. Smell molecule —> mucus layer covering OE —> odorant binding proteins in mucus 2. Binds GPCR (Golf) —> Adenyl cyclase —> increased cAMP 3. Increased cAMP —> opens ion channels, allows influx of Na and Ca into cell 4. Depolarization, AP —> neurons in Olfactory bulb
28
How is the olfactory epithelium organized?
In a receptor map, with different regions lining up and carrying info to specific areas of olfactory bulb = initial step for olfactory discrimination
29
How are odors perceived?
Encoded by several different receptors are varying magnitudes
30
How does the Olfactory Epithelium make a Receptor map?
By preferentially distributed receptors int he olfactory epithelium
31
How many odor molecules can bind an olfacotry receptor neuron?
Only 1 type bc only 1 type of odorant receptor
32
What do the axons of the olfactory receptor neurons extend upwards thru? In order to do what?
Cribriform plate (part of ethmoid bone) in order to synapse w/ the olfactory bulb
33
What are the 5 layers of the Olfactory bulb? (From olfactory tract to cribriform plate/OE) (deep to superficial)
1. Granule layer 2. Mitral layer 3. External Plexiform layer 4. Glomerular Layer 5. Olfactory Nerve Layer “GRow My EGO”
34
How do centrifugal fibers reach the olfactory bulb? What is their purpose?
Via anterior commissure Help regulate feedback loops
35
What is the purpose of the olfactory tract?
Connects the bulb to the rest of the brain?
36
What are the components of the Olfactory tract?
Lateral olfactory tract Cells of anterior olfactory nucleus Fibers of anterior limb of anterior commissure
37
Where do afferent projections from olfactory receptor neurons synapse?
W/ mitral and tufted cells in olfactory glomerulus
38
How many glomeruli can an Olfacotory Receptor neuron synapse in?
Just one
39
How many Olfactory Receptor neurons can 1 glomerulus have synapsing with it?
Multiple
40
What is the Glomerulus of the Olfactory bulb?
Receives axons from ORNs expressing SAME odor molecule specific receptors
41
How many types of GPCRs will a glomerulus receive input from?
ONE TYPE Bc receives info from multiple ORN axons for SAME odor (=SAME GPCR Type)
42
What regulates the activity in the Glomerulus ?
Olfactory neurons receptors Periglomerular cells Mitral/Tufted Cells Centrifugal fibers
43
What do olfactory neuron receptors regulated?
Mitral/tufted cells Periglomerular cells
44
What do periglomerular cells regulate? What is their role? What regulates it?
Antagonize Mitral/tufted and olfactory receptor neuron cells Role in getting used to smells by receiving input from ONRs and shutting down Mitral/Tufted Olfactory receptor neurons
45
What are mitral/tufted cells regulated by? Role?
By olfactory receptor neurons Receives info from ORNs in Olfactory Glomeruli (in olfactory bulb) and carries it thru olfactory tract to olfacotry cortex in brain
46
What will constant stimulation of mitral/tufted cells result in?
Positive effect on granular cells active granular —> inhibit mitral/tufted —> halt spread of info to olfactory cortex = forget smells
47
Besides constant stimulation of Mitral and Tufted cells, what else will have a positive effect on granule cells?
Centrifugal fibers
48
What effects will centrifugal fibers have?
Active granule —> inhibit mitral/tufted cell activity
49
What is the role of centrifugal fibers?
Carries efferent info FROM brain to olfactory bulb to react w/ granular cells to regulate mitral and tufted cells to help forget smell
50
What do granular cells release in olfactory bulbs?
GABA to inhibit mitral/tufted cells and play role in forgetting about smells
51
What are the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order neurons in the olfactory pathway?
1st: ORN CN1 (—> olfactory bulb) 2nd: Mitral/tufted cell (info to olfactory cortex of brain, processed PRIMITIVELY) 3rd neuron: (—> info to olfactory cortex in paleocortex —> neocortex (thalamus, hippocampus, etc.)
52
How is information carried form the olfactory bulb to the olfacotry cortex? What tract and what cells?
Lateral olfactory tract Via Mitral/Tufted cells
53
What do projections pass thru on way to olfactory cortex?
NOTHING GOES DIRECTLY TO OLF. CORTEX Smell = primitive sense, does not synapse on brains structures
54
What do zones in the OE correlate with?
Zones in the olfactory bulb
55
What do zones in the olfactory bulb correlate with?
Nothing. Olfactory corticies do not have correlating zones bc info from different zones of olfactory bulb can go to any region of cortices
56
What is the lateral olfactory tract made of?
Axons of mitral/tufted cells
57
What part of the amygdala is involved in correlating smell and fear?
Anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus
58
What is the role of the Neocortex in Olfaction?
Helps discriminate and identify odors
59
What is the role of the dorsomedial Thalamic nucleus?
Further processing of afferent projection Via a secondary projection (Smell is not relayed here for initial processing)
60
What is the role of the hippocampus in olfaction?
Smells are associated with a memory Secondary projections to the hippocampus allow for Long term processing
61
What is the role of Orbitofrontal cortex in olfaction?
Helps integrate olfaction, taste and other food cues Helps humans experience flavors and enjoy food
62
What are the components of the olfactory cortex?
Anterior olfactory nucleus Olfactory tubercle Piriform cortex Anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus Periamygdaloid cortex Lateral entorhinal cortex (hippocampus)
63
What is the result of this pathway? Olfactory cortex —> lateral hypothalamus?
Body responds w/ appropriate feeding behavior
64
What is the result of this pathway? Olfactory cortex —> Hippocampus?
Input is linked to learning and behavior
65
What are taste buds?
Sensory organs that can perceive experiences of sweet, salty, sour, bitter and umami
66
Where are taste buds found?
Oropharyngeal cavity | Thru-out oral cavity and pharynx
67
Where are taste buds most concentrated?
On tongue
68
What does Chorda tympani innervate?
Fungiform papillae Anterior foliate papillae On anterior 2/3rds of tongue
69
What is Chorda tympani a branch from? Where does it pass?
Cn 7 Thru middle ear
70
How is the taste reception process initiated?
When soluble chemical diffuse thru taste pore and bind to receptors on apical microvilli of taste cells
71
What does the Greater Superficial Petrosal N. Innervate?
Taste buds on soft palate
72
If there is sufficient depolarization of taste receptors, what will occur?
AP to afferent fibers Afferent fibers thru pontomedullary junction to brainstem To Geniculate ganglia
73
What comprises the Geniculate ganglia?
Sensory fiber cell bodies of CN 7
74
Where will taste sensation go after the Geniculate ganglia?
Fibers of CN 7 carrying taste sensation synapse in Solitary Tract & then to Rostral Solitary nucleus
75
What is another name for the Rostral Solitary nucleus?
Gustatory Nucleus
76
What does CN 9 innervate in terms of Gustation?
Taste buds in vallate papillae and posterior foliate papillae
77
What does CN10 innervate in terms of GUstation?
Taste buds of the epiglottis and esophagus
78
How to fibers of CN 9 and 10 carry gustation info to brain?
Same pathways as CN 7 Afferent fibers —> pontomedullary junction —> brainstem —> geniculate ganglia —> solitary tract —> rostral solitary nucleus (Gustatory Nucleus)
79
What is Gustatory Sensory information responsible for?
Discriminating taste
80
After reaching the Rostral Solitary nucleus, how does gustatory sensory info travel?
First synapse: in solitary tract/nucleus 2nd order neurons thru IPSILATERAL central tegmental tract 2nd Synapse: in VPMpc w/ 3rd order 3rd order neurons thru IPSILATERAL posterior limb of internal capsule 3rd synapse/Final Destination: Anterior frontal operculum & Anterior Insular Cortex (AKA Rostral Area of Brodmann area 3b)
81
Where do 2nd order neurons of the gustatory pathways synapse with 3rd order?
Parvicellular Ventral Posteromedial Nucleus (VPMpc)
82
Where is the Rostral area of Brodmann area 3b?
In post-central gyrus
83
Where can gustatory info go from Brodmann area 3b? To do what?
Lateral posterior Orbitofrontal cortex | Take info and integrate it w/ vision Gustation assoc. w/ Olfaction now
84
What is anosmia?
Loss of smell
85
What is hyposomia/olfactory hypesthesia? Caused by?
Decreased sensitivity to odorants Nasal polyps (non-cancerous growths in nasal cavity/sinuses)
86
What is ageusia? Why is this not commonly seen?
Complete loss of taste Bc multiple nerves carry taste (CNs 7, 9, 10)
87
What is Parageusia/Dysgeusia? Due to?
Altered perception of taste Drug use (prescription or recreational)
88
What can cause lesions of CN 7 in the middle ear?
Tumor in IAM (vestibular schwannoma)
89
What will a vestibular schwannoma do? Causing?
Lesion CN 7 and bump Chorda Tympani Loss of taste in ant. 2/3rds of tongue on IPSILATERAL side Hearing loss (stapedius m. Paralyzed) Impaired secretions of nasal, lacrimal, submand, and sublingual glands
90
What results from damage to the Distal Geniculate Ganglion?
Taste may or may not be lost Ipsilateral face paralysis (First ganglion where facial nerve fibers carrying taste info synapses)

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