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14- FA- Reproduction > Dystocia > Flashcards

Dystocia Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most common cause of dystocia in cows

A

feto-maternal disporportion

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2
Q

what is the most common cause of dystocia in sheep

A

malpresentations

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3
Q

List 5 effects of dystocia

A

reduced welfare
reduced production
stillbirth
dam death
post partum problems increased

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4
Q

what are the 4 options for management of dystocia

A

Manual correction and deliver per vaginum
Caesarean section
Foetotomy (foetus needs to be dead)
Euthanasia of dam +/- foetus

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5
Q

List 4 indications of caesarean section

A

foeto-maternal disproportion
malpresentations that cannot be corrected
breech calves
elective (e.g. high value calves)

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6
Q

when is a c-section not suitable - what should you do instead in this case

A

if calf is decomposing
perform a foetotomy

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7
Q

when is a foetotomy suitable

A

Foetus will not survive – only suitable if already dead (preferable to C-sec if not fresh) or if euthanasia of foetus required

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8
Q

what is a partial foetotomy

A

removal of part of the foetus only (e.g. head)

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9
Q

what is a total foetotmy

A

division of the whole foetus into 2 or more sections

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10
Q

List 5 advantages of a foetotomy

A

can be quick
reduction in foetal size allows easier delivery
can be done without assistance
avoids C-section
can be performed minimal equipment if required

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11
Q

List 3 disadvantges of a foetotomy

A

risk of iatrogenic injury
can take a long time (especially total)
requires training and technical competency

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12
Q

subcutaneous foetotomy

A

limb removal without skin

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13
Q

what are dropsical conditions

A

excess accumulation of amniotic fluid in amniotic cavity that is associated with a genetic or congenitally defective fetus.

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14
Q

List 4 indications of a percutaneous foetotomy

A

Foeto-maternal disproportion
Pathological foetal oversize
Congenital foetal malformations
Malpresentations that cannot be corrected

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15
Q

Describe Hydrallantois

A

Excess fluid accumulation in the allantois
placental origin
fetus is normal

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16
Q

Describe Hydramnion

A

excess fluid accumulation in the amnion
fetal origin
fetal abnormalities present

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17
Q

what occurs in hydrallantois

A

Up to 10x expected volume of allantoic fluid
Fluid accumulates after mid-gestation
reduced number of placentomes
permanent changes to endometrium

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18
Q

what is the prognosis with hydrallantois

A

guarded to poor
if survives cull of cow recommended- as subsequent fertility is affected

19
Q

List 6 clinical signs of hydrallantois

A

bilateral abdominal distention
uncomfortable
inappetant
reduced/absent rumen function
recumbency
tight uterine wall palpable per rectum

20
Q

What occurs in Hydramnion

A

fetal abnormalities
Progressive abdominal enlargement in 3rd trimester
Slower development than hydrallantois
Uterus and abdomen accommodates extra fluid better
Less sick cow
may go undiagnosed until parturition

21
Q

describe how to treat dropsical conditions in cows

A

induce/ terminate pregnancy - need to provide replacement fluids to cow
euthanasia
trochar and drain fluid

22
Q

Describe Arthrogryposis

A

Relatively common malformation
Limb ankylosis
can be seem with Schmallenberg

23
Q

List 3 possible causes of arthrogryposis

A

genetic- Charolais
viral infection in utero- schmallenberg, bluetongue, Akabane
Teratogenic plants- Lupines- not in UK yet

24
Q

What is Schistosomus reflexus

A

congenital abnormality
‘inside out’ fetuses
RARE

25
Q

what do you need to be careful not to confuse Schistosomus reflexus with

A

uterine rupture of cow
this requires uterine exam

26
Q

What is Congenital chondrodysplasia

A

congenital abnormality
Bulldog calves
does not always cause dystocia

27
Q

List 3 breeds associated with Congenital chondrodysplasia

A

dexters
holsteins
jerseys

28
Q

describe Hydrocephalus

A

Increase in CSF volume  domed head
Calves born alive may have neuro deficits

29
Q

what can cause hydrocephalus

A

Teratogenic viruses implicated= BVDv, BTV, Akabane virus (not UK)
May also form part of mixed congenital disorders

30
Q

what is Large offspring syndrome

A

congenital abnormality
‘ abnormal offspring syndrome’
may be 2x averge size

31
Q

what is large offspring syndrome associated with

A

embryo transfer
in vitro techniques
cloning

32
Q

what is ancephaly

A

no head

33
Q

what is otocephaly

A

some head structures present but no skull

34
Q

what is bicephaly

A

2 heads

35
Q

what is a Teratogen

A

agents causing fetal abnormalities or death
timing of exposure influences the outcome

36
Q

if zygote exposed to teratogen what happens

A

affected by chromosomal or genetic abnormalities. Often result in embryonic death

37
Q

if embryo exposed to teratogen what happens

A

affected by environmental and infectious agents. Most high risk period for developing abnormalities

38
Q

if fetus is exposed to teratogen what happens

A

more resistant to environmental teratogens but structures that develop late are still susceptible to being affected (e.g. palate)

39
Q

List 5 common viral teratogens

A

BVD virus
Border disease virus
Schmallenberg virus
Bluetongue virus
Akabane and aino viruses

40
Q

List 4 examples of environmental teratogens

A

hemlock
nitrates/ nitrities
ergotism - mouldy feed
lead

41
Q

List 5 examples of pharmacological teratogens

A

benzimidazoles- sheep
tetracyclines- all ruminants
steroids- all ruminants - abortion
prostaglandins- all ruminants - abortion
xylazine- all ruminantes

42
Q

at what point in gestation can PGF2a be used to terminate pregnancy

A

<100 days- 90% chance
101-150 days- 60%
>150- <40%
>270- will induce parturition

43
Q

how can giving glucocorticoids be used to terminate pregnancy

A

reduces placental secretion of progesterone= pregnancy loss
>270 days- induces parturition

44
Q

if terminating mid-late pregnancy what drugs do you use

A

dexamethasone and prostaglandin

14- FA- Reproduction (12 decks)

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