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14- FA- Reproduction > Farm animal abortion > Flashcards

Farm animal abortion Flashcards

1
Q

what is the most common cause of abortion in cattle

A

non-infectious causes
these are more difficult to diagnose

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2
Q

what is the most common cause of abortion in sheep

A

infectious causes- most of these are zoonotic

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3
Q

List 4 reasons to investigate abortions

A

public health- zoonotic disease risk
economic
establish significance
statutory requirement- brucellosis

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4
Q

List 5 samples to send off in cases of abortion

A

Placenta- want cotyledons

Fetal samples:
- Stomach contents
- Spleen
- Hind brain
- Kidney

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5
Q

At what point do we intervene with abortions

A

2-3%

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6
Q

List 6 key questions when taking history to investigate abortion case

A

closed herd?
vaccinations- storage
dam health
previous test results
herd disease status
current husbandry policies

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7
Q

List the 3 main causes of abortions in sheep

A

EAE - enzootic abortion
Toxoplasma
Campylobacter

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8
Q

List 2 zoonotic cause of abortion in sheep

A

toxoplasma
EAE- enzootic abortion- chlamydia abortus

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9
Q

when does abortion generally occur in enzootic abortion

A

in last 3 weeks of gestation

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10
Q

what causes enzootic abortion in sheep

A

chlamydia abortus
gram -ve bacteria

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11
Q

when can sheep get infected with enzootic abortion

A

before or during pregnancy

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12
Q

what gross lesions do you tend to see with enzootic abortion

A

Thickening of the placenta between cotyledons (placentitis) and brown exudate.

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13
Q

what gross lesions do you tend to see with toxoplasma

A

Dark cotyledons and white speckles of necrosis. Inter-cotyledonary area grossly normal

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14
Q

list some immediate actions to undertake when there is abortion cases

A

isolate ewe
treat systemic disease
don’t foster lambs
mark the ewe
good hygiene and biosecurity
highlight zoonotic risk to farmer

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15
Q

Describe how to prevent toxoplasma infections

A

prevent transmission from cats- keep out of feed stores
vaccination

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16
Q

describe some control measure for enzootic abortion

A

purchase accredited disease-free stock and keep separate until after first lambing
vaccinate

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17
Q

how can giving oxytetracycline help in a EAE abortion storm

A

give ewes between day 90-126 gestation- to try and help maintain placenta

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18
Q

List 5 possible non-infectious causes of abortion in cattle

A

genetic
nutritional
traumatic
toxic
iatrogenic

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19
Q

List 2 viral causes of abortion in cattle

A

BVD
IBR

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20
Q

what is a fungal causes of abortion in cattle

A

Aspergillosis

21
Q

Name a protozoal causes of abortion in cattle

A

neospora canium

22
Q

List 4 diseases can cause prostaglandin release and subsequent abortion

A

Salmonella
Johne’s disease
Lungworm
Pasturella

23
Q

what pathogen causes toxoplasma

A

toxoplasma gondii- protoza

24
Q

how do sheep become infected with toxoplasma

A

via ingestion of oocysts shed in cat faeces

25
Q

List 4 signs of campylobacter infection in sheep

A

abortions in the last 6 weeks of gestation
weak lambs if born alive
d+ in ewes
grey necrosis on the foetal livers

26
Q

can we treat ewes with EAE

A

sometimes
if they are between day 90-126 they can be given oxytetracycline

27
Q

How can we vaccinate ewes which may have come into contact with EAE

A

vaccinate 6-8 weeks before lambing and pre-tupping the following year

28
Q

What is the most commonly diagnosed cause of infectious abortions in cattle

A

Salmonella Dublin and Neospora

29
Q

Is it a legal requirement to report bovine abortions in the UK

A

Yes- Brucellosis order

30
Q

Can we vaccinate against salmonella

A

yes- can be given as a preventative or in the face f an outbreak

31
Q

Can you vaccinate against BVD

A

yes- but not in the face of an outbreak

32
Q

Are antibiotics indicated in cows infected with salmonella

A

only if they are clinically ill

33
Q

what can you test for in an aborted lamb placenta

A

chlamydia abortus-EAE
toxoplasmosis

34
Q

what can you test for in aborted lambs foetal fluid

A

toxoplasma
leptospirosis

35
Q

what can you test for in aborted lambs fetal liver or spleen

A

border disease

36
Q

what can you test for in aborted lambs fetal stomach contents

A

salmonella
campylobacter
listeria

37
Q

Describe how EAE spread

A

sheep to sheep via uterine discharge
aborted material
faeces

37
Q

If ewes become infected with EAE in late pregnancy, what can occur

A

they can abort at their next pregnancy

38
Q

what is the source of a toxoplasmosis infection

A

cat faeces from a young or immunocompromised cat

39
Q

What is the source of infection in cases of campylobacter

A

carrier ewe
mechanical transmission by birds or ewes

40
Q

List the clinical signs of campylobacter

A

abortion in the last 6 weeks of pregnancy
weak lambs
grey areas of necrosis on fetal livers
ewes may have d+

41
Q

Describe how to diagnose campylobacter

A

gram smear of the placenta and fetal stomach contents

42
Q

can we vaccinate against campylobacter

A

yes - but not avaliable in UK

43
Q

what is the source of salmonella infection in sheep

A

carrier sheep
wild birds

44
Q

what are the clinical signs of salmonellosis in sheep

A

metritis and scour in ewes
aborted or weak lambs

45
Q

is there a vaccine for salmonella in sheep

A

yes- the cattle vaccine can be used

46
Q

what is the source of infection with border disease

A

PI lambs

47
Q

what are the clinical signs of border disease

A

dependent on stage of gestation during infection - resorption, mummification, abortion, stillbirths, hairy shaker lambs

14- FA- Reproduction (12 decks)

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