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14- FA- Reproduction > Porcine clinical reproduction disease > Flashcards

Porcine clinical reproduction disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is the farrowing index in pigs and what generally is the target for this

A

number of farrows per year average
2.35

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2
Q

What is farrowing rate

A

% of sows served that go on to successfully farrow

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3
Q

what is the target farrowing rate

A

89%

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4
Q

what are most reproductive failure in the pig due to

A

management shortcomings

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5
Q

Describe post weaning mangament of the sow

A

From point of weaning they need boar contact - should be intensive for a short time
must stop boar contact day before service

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6
Q

describe heat detection in pigs

A

back-pressure test

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7
Q

during postweaning phase what are sows fed

A

on ad-lib lactator diet

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8
Q

During the post-weaning period how much light do pigs need

A

16hrs - hard to do outdoors

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9
Q

what weaning-service interval are we aiming for in pigs

A

5 days

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10
Q

when should sows be served

A

Sows should be served 24 hours after onset of standing heat.- 2 inseminations

Gilts 8-12hrs

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11
Q

after service describe when pigs can be moved

A

Sows will usually need to be moved either <5 days after insemination, OR not until 35 days after insemination (otherwise will interfere with implantation)

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12
Q

when does preparing sows to be re-served start

A

from the end of the previous dry period

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13
Q

What effects does excessive weight loss during lactation result in

A

longer W-S interval and lower numbers born in subsequent farrowing

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14
Q

how much BCS is aimed to be lost during lactation in sows

A

0.5
should be 2.5-3 at weaning

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15
Q

when are piglet birth weights determined

A

wean to service interval and in the last 3 weeks of gestation

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16
Q

why is sow feed reduced on entry to farrowing accommodation

A

to stop her from becoming anorexic- which will affect the quality of the next litter is already being determined

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17
Q

describe lactation feeding in sows

A

Feed increased for last 3 weeks of gestation
Feed reduced on entry to farrowing accommodation
Sows carefully increased over first 7-10 days of lactation up to maximum feed intake

Some animals will still struggle to maintain BCS

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18
Q

what is second litter drop

A

When a sow is in poor condition at weaning/serving leading to a smaller next litter

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19
Q

when do want to successfully re-breed Gilts

A

within 6 days of weaning- due to them leaving more BCS

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20
Q

what pigs are generally affected by autumn infertility

A

gilts and young sows

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21
Q

what is autumn infertility

A

because they originally a season spring breeder- so in aumtumn can get pigs not cycling, increased returns and abortions

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22
Q

List 3 ways to reduce autumn infertility

A

increase feed level
increase boar contact
avoid chilling of the pig

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23
Q

what causes autumn infertility

A

short days
variation in day night temperature
natural in the pig

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24
Q

what is summer infertility in pigs

A

can occur indoor as buildings meant for colder weather
heat stress and sunburn

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25
Q

How to prevent sunburn in pigs

A

dig wallows with water source for the pigs to bathe in

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26
Q

How can we tell if poor fertility due to infectious disease in sows

A

Sows or boars off-feed
Sows or boars pyrexic
Abortions/mummified foetuses
Irregular returns to heat
Weak and premature pigs
High incidence of mummies and/or stillbirths

Often just one of the above signs and can be subtle

Rarely this easy with endemic disease

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27
Q

What are the most common viruses that cause pig reproductive failure

A

PRRSv
Swine Influenza
SMEDI

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28
Q

what is PRRSv

A

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

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29
Q

How is PRRSv spread

A

by movement of carrier pigs (airborne spread)
invades andkills macrophages

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30
Q

How does PRRSv cause disease

A

It invades and kills macrophages- is an immunosuppresive virus

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31
Q

If PRRSv is restabled on a farm what do we see

A

Always see disease in piglets
Don’t always see disease reproductively in the sows

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32
Q

what are the 3 disease statuses of PRRSv

A

negative
positive stable- achieved primarily with vaccination- can become unstable through genetic mutation of virus
positive unstable- restabilistion can be difficult

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33
Q

List 4 risks to PRRSv negative herds

A

Stock
people
vehicles
airborne

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34
Q

Describe a replacement strategy for a PRRSv negative herd

A

Buy –ve replacements
Quarantine min 8wks and check with own sentinels after 5wks- mix own old pigs in with them at a point
Strict biosecurity
Home breed

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35
Q

Describe how to monitor a postivie pig herd for PRRSv

A

PCR- oral fluids, bloods, tissue

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36
Q

How can swine influenza be introduced to a herd

A

infected people
carrier pigs
birds

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37
Q

What does swine influenza cause

A

mostly resp disease but will cause sows to return by causing pyrexia
Can also cause inappetence in farrowing house and disease in pre-weaned piglets

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38
Q

describe how to diagnose swine influenza

A

clinical signs
nasal swabs
serology

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39
Q

describe how to control swine influenza

A

biosecurity
staff flu jabs

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40
Q

what is SMEDI

A

Stillbirth
Mummification
Embryonic Death
Infertility

Is a syndrome with various (usually ubiquitous viral) causes: e.g. Parvovirus (PPV) and others

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41
Q

what is the mechanism behind SMEDI

A

Transplacental infection of fetuses occurs resulting in sequential fetal death.
abortion is rare
fetuses usually go to term as no PGF2a trigger

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42
Q

when do clinical signs of porcine parvovirus show

A

no clinical signs unless pregnant when exposed
then depends where in gestation they are

43
Q

what would be see if pig infected with PPV <35 days gestation

A

Return to service

44
Q

Describe how to control PPV

A

vaccination

45
Q

what is important ot remeber about Aujezsky’s disease

A

notifiable

46
Q

what are the clinical signs of Aujezsky’s disease

A

Usually no clinical signs in the sow
Abortions seen, with neurological signs in newborn piglets
Signs become milder as age increases.

47
Q

How is classical swine fever spread

A

Spread by pigs eating infectious meat or meat products, contact with infected pigs or their faeces or body fluids, contact from infected sows to their piglets

48
Q

what are the signs of classical swine fever

A

Important cause of Congenital Tremor (CT)
Clinical signs vary and abortion may occur at any stage and will be a first sign in an incursion

49
Q

what are the main clinical signs of african swine fever

A

Pyrexia, anorexia, lethargy, sudden death
Also causes abortions, stillbirths and weak litters

50
Q

what are the most important bacterial causes of reproductive failure in pigs

A

Leptospirosis
Erysipelas
Brucella suis

51
Q

List the clinical signs of leptospirosis in pigs

A

abortions/stillbirths
vaginal discharge

52
Q

Describe how to diagnose leptospirosis in pigs

A

Difficult (chronic)
Serology in returning sows
Foetal tissues (FAT).

53
Q

Describe how to treat leptospirosis in pigs

A

tetracyclines

54
Q

Describe how to control leptospirosis in pigs

A

use of AI
hygiene in service areas
vaccination
rodent control

55
Q

How is Erysipelas spread

A

via saliva, faeces or urine

56
Q

Describe the signs seen with Erysipelas

A

abortions, mummified fetuses, returns to service
diamond lesions on skin
Can get heart valve abscesses

57
Q

describe how to treat Erysipelas

A

penicillin

58
Q

describe how to control Erysipelas

A

vaccination- is very cheap vaccine

59
Q

What does Brucella suis cause

A

Causes infertility, abortion and weak piglets, can also cause abscesses

60
Q

Describe Endometritis & vulval discharge syndrome

A

occurs After serving
Discharge at 14-21d post-service
caused by dirty AIing
may cause reduced fertility

61
Q

List 4 Notifiable diseases causing porcine reproductive failure

A

Brucella suis
Aujezsky’s disease
Classical Swine Fever
African Swine Fever

62
Q

List 2 commonly used figures to monitor reproduction on pig units

A

Pigs per sow per year and weaned per sow

63
Q

Why is continuous contact of a sow with a boar not desirable

A

can see habituation

64
Q

What is the average lacatation length for a sow

A

26 days

65
Q

When are pigs generally culled

A

after 5th or 6th litter

66
Q

When does puberty occur in gilts

A

180-210 days
boar contact from 180 days of age to stimulate this

67
Q

what age are gilts mated

A

235-55 days at 135-150kg live weight
second or third recorded heat

68
Q

What is commonly used to synchronise sows

A

Altrenogest (progesterone)

69
Q

Oestrus signs in gilts

A

enlargement and pinking of vulva

70
Q

How can sunburn in the pig lead to reproductive problems

A

Can lead to production of PGF2a

71
Q

Why is genetic mutation of PRRSv frequent

A

It is a single strand RNA virus

72
Q

What causes PRRSv destabilisation in a pig unit

A

Genetic mutation frequent
Leads to new strains emerging on farm regularly
Leads to destabilisation

73
Q

What are the 3 PRRSv disease statuses

A

Negative (highly risky, will see extreme acute disease if naive animals exposed)
Positive, stable (Most herds sit here, no viraemic circulation)
Positive, unstable (Pigs have viraemia and virus is circulating)

74
Q

Can a farm be PRRSv negative and vaccinated

A

No, as the vaccine is live attenuated

75
Q

Describe how herds reamin PRRSv negative

A

Biosecurity is key
Check status maintained with serology

76
Q

What are the key points of being PRRSv positive but stable

A

Sows serologically positive but not shedding virus
Piglets weaned virus -ve
Acheived primarily with vaccination (every 12 weeks)

77
Q

What are the key points of being PRRSv positive but unstable

A

sows serologically positive and shedding virus
Piglets weaned virus +ve, problems in feeding herd
restabilisation can be difficult

78
Q

Describe a replacement strategy for a PRRSv positive herd

A

Isolate and vaccinate replacements
Vaccination
Do not serve gilts until >6 weeks since infection / vaccination

79
Q

Where is porcine parvovirus found

A

ubiquitous, survives well outside the pig

80
Q

Do animals develop immunity to porcine parvovirus

A

sows develop lifeling immunity so clinical disease usually seen in gilts

81
Q

Likely signs if animal affected by porcine parvovirus 35-70 days into gestation?

A

Sequential death of piglets and mummification
Variable sized mummies

82
Q

Likely signs if animal affected by porcine parvovirus 70+ days into gestation?

A

Some weak piglets/ stillbirths

83
Q

Describe how to diagnose porcine parvovirus

A

fetal serology and PCR

84
Q

Is Aujezsky’s disease in the UK

A

not currently in the UK

85
Q

What is classical swine fever

A

Pestivirus similar to BVD,

Can cause persistent infections

86
Q

Is classical swine fever in the UK

A

not currently

87
Q

what type of virus is african swine fever

A

Deoxivirus

88
Q

Is african swine fever in the UK

A

No

89
Q

Is Brucella suis in the UK

A

No

90
Q

How do we control endometritis and vulval discharge syndrome in sows

A

cull affected animals
service management

91
Q

List 5 examples of individual level data on a pig unit

A

Sow parity, dates of mating/farrowing/service,
Number and types of services at each mating,
Semen/boars used,
Number of piglets born/litter,
Weaning to service interval

92
Q

List 6 examples of herd level data on a pig unit

A

Litter size variation,

Service intervals,

Abortions,

Females not in-pig,

Discharges,

Parity distribution

93
Q

List 6 areas of reproductive cycle in pigs where a problem can occur

A

anoestrus
ovulation and oocyte production
fertilisation
implantation
foetal death and abortion
stillbirths

94
Q

Describe anoestrus in pigs

A

rarely true anoestrus, usually increased wean to service interval
usually sub-optimal nutrition during lactation in young animals

95
Q

List 6 ways to ensure good ovulation in pigs

A

nutrition
hybrid vigour
good general health
ensure good feed intake during lactation
manage sows so they come into oestrus during early fertile period
disease causing early embryonic death or fetal damage managed

96
Q

List 6 ways to ensure fertilisation is good on a pig unit

A

accurate oestrus detection
served at correct time
nutrition
care with group changes after service
boar management if natural service
disease managed

97
Q

when does implantation occur in the pig

A

days 14-17 after ovulation

98
Q

List 5 areas of management affecting implantation in pigs

A

nutriton
boar contact for >28 days post-service
16hr light
stress 2-25 days post service
general sow health

99
Q

If pig embryos die <35 days post service

A

resorption and return to service -63 days

100
Q

how can we estimate age at death of a aborted fetus

A

crown rump length will indicate age at death

101
Q

Still births are usually sow related factors such as…

A

Fat sows = prolonged farrowing/dystocia,

Large litters, large piglets,

Fresh born dead is usually poor supervision around farrowing

102
Q

Which samples for infectious disease to take if sows are systemically ill

A

serum
nasal swabs
Foetuses and foetal tissue often unrewarding

103
Q

Which samples for infectious disease to take if sows are clinically well

A

Foetuses/foetal tissue/placenta,

Serology from sow,

14- FA- Reproduction (12 decks)

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