Early Childhood A cultural approach to human development week 4 chapter 6

Question 1

From age 3 to 5, the typical child grows about _ cm per year and gains about _ kg

Answer 1

7, 2

Question 2

Both boys and
girls gain more in weight than in height during early childhood, but most add more muscle than fat. t or f

Answer 2

true

Question 3

By their third birthday, most children have a full set of __ teeth

Answer 3

20

Question 4

process experienced by children who are malnourished and consequently are short for their age

Answer 4

stunting

Question 5

At age 3, the brain is about
__% of its adult weight, and at age 6, about __%

Answer 5

70, 90

Question 6

which part of the cerebral cortex grows the fastest in early childhood?

Answer 6

The frontal lobes

Question 7

Growth in the frontal lobes underlies the advances in emotional regulation, foresight and planned behaviour that take place during the preschool years

Answer 7

emotional regulation, foresight, planned behaviour

Question 8

During early childhood, the number of ___ continues the decline that began in toddlerhood via
synaptic pruning

Answer 8

neurons

Question 9

The increase in brain size and weight during early childhood is due to an increase in ____ connections between neurons and to myelination

Answer 9

dendritic

Question 10

band of neural fibres connecting the two hemispheres of the brain

Answer 10

corpus callosum

Question 11

structure at the base of the brain involved in balance and motor movements

Answer 11

cerebellum

Question 12

part of the lower brain, involved in attention

Answer 12

reticular formation

Question 13

In which structures is myelination completed by age 5?

Answer 13

reticular formation and hippocampus

Question 14

structure involved in transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory

Answer 14

hippocampus

Question 15

inability to remember anything that happened prior to age 2

Answer 15

infantile amnesia

Question 16

Iron deficiency, known as
___, is experienced by the majority of children under age 5 in developing countries

Answer 16

anemia

Question 17

rates of unintentional injury among 1- to 14-year-olds in South Africa are _times higher than in developed countries

Answer 17

5

Question 18

Despite the high rates of accidental injury among young children in developing countries, disease is a far
greater danger, causing about __% of child deaths

Answer 18

95

Question 19

Piaget’s preoperational stage;

Answer 19

‘theory of mind’, which examines how children think about the thoughts of others

Question 20

Piaget termed the age period from 2 to 7 the ______, emphasising that children of this age
were not yet able to perform mental
preoperational stage

Answer 20

preoperational stage

Question 21

cognitive stage from age 2 to 7 during which the child becomes capable of representing the world
symbolically—for example, through the use of language—but is still very limited in ability to use
mental operations

Answer 21

preoperational stage

Question 22

mental ability to understand that the quantity of a substance or material remains the same even if
its appearance changes

Answer 22

conservation

Question 23

Piaget’s term for young children’s thinking as being centred, or focused, on one noticeable aspect
of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects

Answer 23

centration

Question 24

ability to reverse an action mentally

Answer 24

reversibility

Question 25

cognitive inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and another person’s perspective

Answer 25

egocentrism

Question 26

tendency to attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces

Answer 26

animism

Question 27

ability to understand that objects can be part of more than one cognitive group; for example, an object can be classified with red objects as well as with round objects

Answer 27

classification

Question 28

ability to understand thinking processes in one’s self and others

Answer 28

theory of mind

Question 29

; by age 6, the average vocabulary has increased to over ___ words

Answer 29

2,500

Question 30

in the course of development, a period when the capacity for learning in a specific area is especially pronounced

Answer 30

sensitive period

Question 31

By age 4, it is estimated that children use correct grammar in __% of their statements

Answer 31

90

Question 32

a language’s distinctive system of rules

Answer 32

grammar

Question 33

social and cultural context of language that guides people as to what is appropriate to say and not to say in a given social situation

Answer 33

pragmatics

Question 34

emotional _____is considered to be one of the major developmental tasks of early childhood

Answer 34

self-regulation

Question 35

ability to exercise control over one’s emotions

Answer 35

emotional self-regulation

Question 36

trait of having inadequate emotional self-regulation

Answer 36

undercontrol

Question 37

As Erikson noted in proposing that early childhood is the stage of ____vs____

Answer 37

initiative versus guilt

Question 38

What are the 2 types of high responsiveness parenting

Answer 38

Authoritative parenting and permissive parenting.

Question 39

what are the two types of high demandingness parenting.

Answer 39

authoritative and authoritarian parenting.

Question 40

what are the two types of parenting low in responsiveness

Answer 40

authoritarian and reject neglect

Question 41

What are the two types of parenting low in demandingness?

Answer 41

permissive and reject neglect