Early Psychosocial Development (Chapters 6 & 2)

Question 1

Temperament

Answer 1

-characteristic disposition of approaching and reacting to situations

Question 2

Temperament Patterns

Answer 2

-easy: positive in mood, high regularity and adaptability, and accepting new experience (40%)
-difficult: irritable and hard to please, low regularity and adaptability, and withdrawing from new experience (10%)
-slow to warm up: slow to adapt to new situation or people (15%)

Question 3

Early Temperament

Answer 3

-Physiological correlates
-stability of temperament
-culture differences in early temperament

Question 4

Physiological Correlates

Answer 4

-heart rate (e.g., shy/inhibited
-frontal lobe asymmetry (inhibited: right frontal lobe asymmetry, social: left frontal lobe asymmetry)

Question 5

Stability of Temperament

Answer 5

-fairly stable and related to later personality
-change in temperament characteristics by experience and caregiving

Question 6

Goodness of Fit

Answer 6

-the match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands and constraints
-difficult babies and patient and responsive caregiving
-inhibited toddler and encouraging and accepting parents

Question 7

Early Emotion Development

Answer 7

-emotions: subjective reactions to experience that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes

Question 8

Important Functions of Emotions

Answer 8

-guide behavior (e.g., empathy, pride, guilt)
-communicate needs, intentions, or desire (e.g., sad, joy)
-mobilize action in emergency (e.g., fear)
-promote exploration of the environment (e.g., curiosity

Question 9

Basic Emotions

Answer 9

-joy, surprise, sadness, disgust, fear, anger (first 6 months)
-stranger anxiety and separation anxiety (6-12 months)

Question 10

Self-Conscious Emotions

Answer 10

-embarrassment, empathy, envy (18 months)
-self awareness and self referential behavior are required

Question 11

Self-Evaluation Emotions

Answer 11

-pride, shame, guilt (age 3)
-self awareness and self referential behavior are required
-acquisition of rules add standards (learn to adopt societal norms and moral principles to assess and judge our own behavior)

Question 12

The Emerging Sense of Self

Answer 12

-self awareness: realization that one’s existence and functioning are separate from of other people and things
-conscious knowledge of the self as a distinct being
-develops between 15-18 months

Question 13

Major Tasks in Toddlerhood

Answer 13

-toddlers in western culture depend on their parents to move into he social world and begin compliance with social rules
-seperation-individuation process

Question 14

Seperation-Individuation Process

Answer 14

-a child’s psychological separation from the caregiver and growing awareness of being an individual

Question 15

Erickson’s Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 15

-emphasis on early feelings and relationship
-psychosocial development is lifelong
-series of qualitatively different psychosocial stages
-infancy: trust vs. mistrust
-18 months-3 years: autonomy vs. shame and doubt
-each stage involves a major developmental issue

Question 16

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Answer 16

-from 18 months to 3 years
-children develop a sense of independence and self-control or they may feel ashamed or doubtful of their abilities
-virtue: will

Question 17

Initiative vs. Guilt

Answer 17

-3 to 6 years
-children develop a sense of purpose and take initiative in their actions, or they may feel guilty or anxious about their desires and efforts
-virtue: purpose

Question 18

Moving Toward Early Autonomy

Answer 18

*stage in child’s development where they start to assert heir independence and take on tasks and responsibilities on their own
-self awareness
-understanding of others
-terrible 2: do it myself
-relationship with sibling and parents
-parents’ tasks: support their child’s exploration and set appropriate limits for child

Question 19

Self Regulation

Answer 19

child’s independent control of behavior to conform to understood social expectations

Question 20

Process in Transition to Self-Regulate

Answer 20

1. regulation by caregiver
2. guided self regulation (mutual regulation)
   *social referencing

Question 21

Social Referencing

Answer 21

the use of cues from another person to interpret ambiguous situations and guide behavior

Question 22

Socialization

Answer 22

development of habits, skills, values, and motives shared by responsible members of a society

Question 23

Compliance

Answer 23

-inhibitory control: conscious, effortful holding back of impulses
-situational compliance: comply to a rile in the presence of authority
-committed compliance