Ecology Flashcards

Question

Food chain tiers

Answer 1

Producers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers Decompers

Answer 2

Organic matter produced by the decomposition of organisms

Answer 3

Any consumer of detritus for food

Answer 4

A detrivore that breaks the detritus into smaller pieces

Answer 5

A detrivore that breaks down the detritus into nutrients and minerals that is returned to the soil to be cycled in the ecosystems

Answer 6

Between members of the SAME species •Competition for resources (Food, habitat, mates, etc)

Answer 7

Between DIFFERENT species •Competition •Predation •Mutualism •Parasitism •Commensalism

Answer 8

Two individuels vie for the same resources

Answer 9

One individuel feeds on another (Predator and prey)

Answer 10

Two individuels benefitting from each other

Answer 11

One individuel lives in or on another and feeds on a host organism

Answer 12

One individuel benefits and the other is neither benefitted nor harmed

Answer 13

A single arrangement of energy flow through an ecosystem

Answer 14

Shows all or many energy flow arrangements in an ecosystem (Has food chains within it)

Answer 15

An organism capable of producing its own energy through photosynthesis without having to consume another organism (Producers)

Answer 16

Can not produce their own energy and must consume another organism to recieve energy (Consumers)

Answer 17

The process of taking carbon dioxide, water and light energy to turn into glucose and oxygen

Answer 18

The process of taking glucose and oxygen to turn into ATP (usable energy) and releases carbon dioxide and water

Answer 19

6CO² + 6H²O + Light energy = C⁶H¹²O⁶ +6O²

Answer 20

Carbon dioxide + Water + Light energy = Glucose + Oxygen

Answer 21

C⁶H¹² O⁶+ 60² = 6CO² + H²O + ATP

Answer 22

Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + Water + ATP

Answer 23

-Only producers can undergo photosynthesis -Both consumers and producers can undergo cellular respiration -The reverse equation for each other

Answer 24

-Air is 78% Nitrogen -Fertilizers contain nitrates and enter soil/water -Fixation Bacteria fix the nitrates into nitrogen -Plants obtain the nitrogen from the bacteria/soil/water -Animal eats the plants -Animal dies -Decomposer bacteria break down animal into nitrogen compound -Nitrogen is released into the atmosphere -Nitrous oxide from fossil fuels falls as nitric acid in rain water -Lightning creates soil nutrients -Bacteria fixes the nitrogen -Plants absorb -Animal eats plant -Animal dies -Decomposing bacteria break down the animal into nitrogen compounds -Nitrogen is released into the atmosphere

Answer 25

-Water accumulates from either surface run off or subsurface run off -Water evaporates into the atmosphere -Clouds form from condensation -Water precipitates and becomes surface or subsurface run off -Water within plants enters the atmosphere through transpiration -Clouds are formed from condensation -Precipitation causes run off

Answer 26

Process in which water gathers in large bodies

Answer 27

Process which water vapor in the air becomes liquid and forms into clouds

Answer 28

Process at which water vaporizes

Answer 29

Water that flows in streams, rivers or canals

Answer 30

Water that flows through drains, underground streams or sewers

Answer 31

Process at which water within a plant evaporates into the atmosphere (Water enters the plant's roots and leaves through its pores)

Answer 32

-CO² gets absorbed by plants in photosynthesis -Consumers eat the plants and go through cellular respiration, releasing carbon into the atmosphere -Plants undergo cellular respiration and release carbon into the atmosphere -Animals die and are broken down into nutrients by decomposes -decomposes undergo cellular respiration and release carbon into atmosphere -Burning fossil fuels release carbon -CO² dissolves in water

Answer 33

-Phosphates in rocks -Inorganic phosphates in soil -Phosphates in solution -Percipitated (solid) Phosphates -Rock -Uplifting of rock -weathering rock -Runoff causes phosphates to enter soil/water -Phosphate in rock -Phosphate in soil/water (inorganic) -Absorbed by plants -Plant is eaten -Animal dies and becomes detritus -Detritus is eaten by detrivore -Inorganic phosphates in soil either are absorbed by plants or undergo rest of the cycle

Answer 34

-Carbon dioxide -Glucose -Methane -Fossil fuels -Limestone

Answer 35

Increase in concentration of a toxins in the body over time

Answer 36

Increase in concentration of a substance as it moves higher in the food web

Answer 37

Body of water high in nutrients

Answer 38

Body of water that is low in nutrients

Answer 39

Yes, biodiversity enhances services and functions of the ecosystem

Answer 40

The function of a species serves in its ecosystem

Answer 41

Chemicals that don't have carbon and/or hydrogen bound together

Answer 42

Chemicals that have carbon and/or hydrogen bound together

Answer 43

-0.023% absorbed for photosynthesis -30% reflected by clouds or Earth's surface -18% absorbed by atmosphere and clouds -51% absorbed by land and ocean

Answer 44

Any toxic material entering the environment that causes harm

Answer 45

Caused by SO² and nitrogen oxides and CO² that are released from burning fossil fuels They combine with H²O in the atmosphere and creates acids which move through the water cycle

Answer 46

-CO² changes to carbonic acid when dissolved in oceans which mixes with limestone which dissolves it, but makes cycle worse in the process -Decreases the number of producers (plankton) which decreases consumers that eat them and so on

Answer 47

-Soil absorbs acid and decreases nutrients available for plants, so fewer plants and less food for consumers -SO² toxic and makes respitory conditions for humans worse -Speeds up corrosion of metals causing rust and dissolves limestone/marble statues causes economic loss as they need to be replaced

Answer 48

Reduce burning of fossil fuels

Answer 49

-Sea birds try to clean off the oil and eat it •Causes organ damage and kills them -Organisms with waterproof feathers/fur lose ability to keep warm and die -Covers plants and blocks sun, making them unable to undergo photosynthesis

Answer 50

-Burning the oil -Skimming -Dispersal agents -Bioremediation

Answer 51

Use of micro organisms to consume/break down environmental pollutants

Answer 52

-Will break down into micro plastics and be consumed, causes animals to die -Animals will get tangled in it -Very tiny microplastics get into plants with absorbed toxic chemicals •Toxic chemicals causes bioamplification/bioaccumulation

Answer 53

Huge area of micro and big plastics floating as an island in the ocean

Answer 54

-Don't litter -Use renewable plastics -Skimming -Ban microplastics

Answer 55

Carrying capacity of plants increase = increase of algae bloom = algal bloom = blocks sun for other plants = plants at bottom dying = decrease of oxygen due to detrivores eating the detritus and going through cellular respiration = death of consumers who eat producers = excess nitrogen toxic to smaller animals

Answer 56

Carrying capacity decreases •Less resources, may leave for a different ecosystem •May die •May initially eat farm crop

Answer 57

Animals are lured to lick the salt = hit by car and dies Salt on road = washes/runoff into watersheds = decrease in plants because of increase of toxic metals absorbation and decrease of water absorption = less food or toxic food

Answer 58

Strips layer of the Earth = takes away habitat = no detritus = decreases decomposes = decrease nutrients = plants don't get nutrients = decreased carrying capacity Machines combust fossil fuels = increase in CO², SO², NO² = acid precipitation = decrease plant growth = less food for consumers = acid rain releases carbon from limestone adding carbon

Answer 59

Process at which nutrients are removed from the soil as water passes through it

Answer 60

The max number of individuels in a species that an environment can carry/sustain •If population consumes more resources than what can be replenished by the ecosystem, some organisms may die

Answer 61

Required resources (biotic or abiotic) that a population needs to support itself

Answer 62

When coral loses zooxanthellae, causing it to turn white. Caused by high water temperature

Answer 63

K P N (Potassium, Phosphorus, Nitrogen)

Answer 64

Causes it to be more acedic

Answer 65

State of an ecosystem in which the biotic and abiotic features remain relatively constant with small fluctuations over time

Answer 66

The variety of life in an area

Answer 67

•Complete mixture of minerals, water, dissolved nutrients and decomposing matter •Home to countless organisms

Answer 68

•As crops grow, they absorb nutrients into their tissue •When crops are harvested, nutrients are removed

Answer 69

Soil will be depleted of nutrients

Answer 70

Made from animal/plant waste

Answer 71

Made by humans, chemically made in a lab

Answer 72

•Highly concentrated nutrients can enter soil rapidly and disturb community of soil organisms •Can lead to soil that has less organic matter (leads to nutrient depletion) •Plants become too dependent on it

Answer 73

•Ammonia •Potash •Potassium •Commercial chemical fertilizers •Synthetic urea

Answer 74

•Manure •Sludge •Blood meal •Bone meal •Wood ashes •Compost

Answer 75

•Nutrients released quickly •Can be precisely measured •Easy to apply

Answer 76

•Less danger of overfertilizer •Release nutrients slowly •Can improve soil structure •Benefits soil micro organisms and nutrients cycling

Answer 77

•Production is energy intensive •Cause water pollution •Can cause imbalance in soil chemistry and upset balance of soil micro organisms

Answer 78

•Low concentration of nutrients •Releasd nutrients slower than desired •Not easy to measure quantity of nutrients •More difficult to apply

Answer 79

When farmers take water from lakes/rivers/ground water to water their crop

Answer 80

Removes water from their crop, allows more air to peneteate soil allowing oxygen to access roots

Answer 81

•Allow water and nutrients to pass through the soil to reach the roots •Provide oxygen to plant roots and soil organisms

Answer 82

When pressure squeezes soil particles together, reducing air space •Can be caused by heavy machinery, or simply by walking on the soil

Answer 83

•No tillage farming •Crop rotation •Crop selection

Answer 84

Leaving the ground undisturbed after harvesting instead of plowing remaining vegetation in soil •May require more pesticides

Answer 85

•Helps retain nutrients •Reduces compaction •Reduces water loss •Improve soil quality •Remaning plant stalks protect soil from erosion

Answer 86

Rotate or change crops planted on certain area of land on regular basis

Answer 87

•Reduces use of pesticides and fertilizers •Because different plants require different levels of nutrients, soil retains certain nutrients

Answer 88

Only growing crops suitable for the area

Answer 89

•Ground water may be depleted •Caude ecological problems •Cause financial problems

Answer 90

•Energy flows through the ecosystem •Nutrients are being cycled through food web •Photosynthesis and cellular respiration respiration are balanced •Populations are healthy/stable

Answer 91

Occurs on soil or bare rock when life has been wiped out completely

Answer 92

Follows a disturbance that disrupts but does not destroy a community

Answer 93

•Small plants/micro organisms colonize an open landscape •The plants gradually alter the soil, allows small trees and shrubs to grow •Shrubs create conditions needed for larger trees to grow •Animal species return to feed on the producers

Answer 94

•Allows ecosystems to recover from natural disasters/human caused disturbances •Offers hope that the environment can restore itself after taking damage •Takes a very long time and the original disturbance must be eliminated

Answer 95

•Close connection to the environment •Rely on natural resources

Answer 96

Increase of water temperature = Less oxygen in water = less fish Decrease of fish means less food and money for fisher people

Answer 97

Fishers, hunters

Answer 98

Ice becoming thin = Fewer hunting areas and less transportation in winter = reduce ability to hunt/trade with other communities

Answer 99

Thawing permafrost = unsafe houses and buildings/damages infrastructure

Answer 100

Less native plants species = loss of traditional medicines

Answer 101

Dangerous animals looking for food in new communities = less food for consumers

Answer 102

•7 Generation solution •Controlled fires •No harvest during breeding season •Consider entire ecosystem when taking from land *Role of species in an ecosystem must be considered

Answer 103

•Based on philosophy, the choices we make today should result in sustainable world for future generations •When thinking of sustainable resource/management plans, think 7 generations ahead, not just 1 year

Answer 104

•Do not consider cutting a tree because there are lots of trees •Consider if the tree is home to an animal •Think of leaving the tree to become a home to an animal

Answer 105

•Fires traditionally used to reduce risk of more serious fires, to nurture the land to support specific vegetation used for food/medicines and to clear areas for crops/travel •Narutal biochar is an important fertilizer •Fire is friend, not foe

Answer 106

Formed when vegetation is left to smolder (burn slowly with smoke, no flame) in layers on the forest floor following a forest fire

Answer 107

•Harvest or take organisms only in certain times of the year or age in the organism life cycle to ensure the organism can continue to reproduce •Hunting should occur outside breeding season and migration times •Don't take all the eggs, leave some behind for the future

Answer 108

To take care/responsibility of something

Answer 109

Logging = erosion = increase of sediments = decrease of water clarity = decrease of species Logging = erosion = increase of nutrients load = algal bloom