Med Tech Flashcards
1
Q
Primary Vital Signs
A
Heart rate
Blood pressure
Respiratory rate
Temperature
2
Q
Avg. Heart rate
A
60-99 bpm
3
Q
Avg. Temp
A
36.8 +/-0.7 degrees c
4
Q
Avg Blood pressure
A
120/80 mmHg
5
Q
Avg Resp. rate
A
12-16 breaths/minute
6
Q
Avg. Oxygen Saturation
A
95-100%
7
Q
Avg. blood pH
A
7.3-7.5
8
Q
Homeostasis
A
Maintaining relatively constant internal conditions within a narrow range
9
Q
Thermoregulate
A
How we maintain relatively constant core temperature
10
Q
Vasodilation
A
-Blood vessels will dilate (Cools us down)
11
Q
Vasoconstriction
A
-Blood vessels will constrict (Warms us up)
12
Q
Hyperthermia
A
Loss of thermoregulation due to heat stroke
13
Q
Infection
A
Temporary resetting the thermostat (Innate immunity)
14
Q
Malignant hyperthermia
A
Severe reaction to medication used during general anesthesia
15
Q
Hypothermia
A
Loss of thermoregulation due to cold, shut down of organs
16
Q
Raynaud’s syndrome
A
Spasms within arteries restricting blood flow
17
Q
Places to take temp.
A
Axillary
Rectally
Orally
Ear
Core (Skin)
18
Q
Bradycardia
A
Below 60bpm
19
Q
Tachycardia
A
Above 100bpm
20
Q
Arrythmia
A
Abnormal beat (eg. skipping beats)
21
Q
Pulse points
A
Carotid (neck)
Femoral (Groin)
Ulnar (wrist)
Radial (Below thumb)
Brachial (Inner elbow)
Posterior tibial (Ankle)
Dorsalis pedis (Top of foot)
External maxillary (Jaw)
Superficial temporal (Temples)
22
Q
Systolic
A
Maximal contraction (ventricular) of heart
23
Q
Diastolic
A
Resting pressure
24
Q
Factors in blood pressure
A
Blood vessel diameter
Hormones from kidneys/brain
25
Instruments used to measure blood pressure
sphygmomanometer/stethoscope
26
Hypertension
High blood pressure
-Risk for strokes/heart attack/heart failure
-Shortens life expectancy
-Caused by obesity/salt sensitivity/coronary artery disease
27
Hypotension
Low blood pressure
-Chronically w/ no symptoms is not severe
-Dizziness/fainting
-Caused by hormonal changes/widening of blood vessels/blood loss, etc.
28
Syncope
Fainting
-Comes on quickly
-Does not last long
-Spontaneous recovery
29
Postural hypotension
Rising from a lying down/sitting position to a standing one
30
Neurally mediated hypotension
Standing for long period of time
31
Vasovagal syncope
Leads to fainting
32
Increases resp. rate
Fever/illness
Medical conditions
33
Eupnea
Normal breathing rate/pattern
34
Tachypnea
Increased respiratory rate
35
Bradypnea
Decreased respiratory rate
36
Apnea
Absence of breathing
37
Hyperpnea
Increased depth and rate of breathing
38
Spirometer
Measures lung capacity (centimeters cubed)
-Finds cause of shortness of breath
-Rules out lung disease like asthma, bronchitis
39
Tidal volume
Volume of air inhaled/exhaled without effort
40
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Max volume of air inhaled with effort on top of normal tidal volume
41
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Max volume of air that can be exhaled with effort on top of normal tidal volume
42
Vital capacity
Total volume of air that can be exhaled after max inhalitation
43
Residual volume
Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a max inhalation. Lungs always need some amount of air
44
Total lung capacity
Vital capacity plus residual volume
45
Larger volume
-Taller people
-MEN.
-Adults
-People living at higher altitudes
-Fit people
46
Smaller volume
-Shorter people
-Women
-Children
-Living at lower altitudes
-Obesity
47
Auscultation
Listening to internal body sounds
48
Electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG)
a test that checks how
your heart is functioning by measuring the electrical activity of
the heart. With each heart beat, an electrical impulse (or
wave) travels through your heart
49
Blood flow (Oxygen poor)
Body - Venae cava - Right atrium - tricuspid valve -right ventricle - pulmonary valve - pulmonary arteries - lungs
50
Blood flow (Oxygen rich)
Returns to heart from lungs - pulmonary veins - left atrium - bicuspid valve - left ventricle - aortic valve - aorta - body
51
Lub
Closing of the atrioventricular valves (bicuspid/tricuspid) as blood is pumped from atria to ventricles
52
Dub
Semilunar valves and aortic as blood is pumped from ventricles into arteries
53
Sinoatrial node
Pacemaker generates electrical signal that spreads over the atria to make them contract at the same time
-As atria contract, signal reaches atrioventricular node
54
Cardiac cycle
Atrioventricular node transmits electrical signal through bundle of his, which relays the signal to two branches of bundles that divide into Purkinje fibers
-Contracts all cells of ventricles at same time
55
Where to place EKG
Intercostal spaces (between ribs)
56
Heart rate off of EKG
300 divided by # of big boxes
57
Duration of big box in EKG
0.20 seconds
58
Small box duration EKG
0.04 seconds
59
Breathing
Taking of air in and out of lungs
60
Gas exchange
Intake of oxygen and excretion of CO2 at lungs surface. Oxygen moves in, CO2 moves out
61
Cellular respiration
Process that releases energy from food, happens in all cells
62
How does age affect BP
Increase with age (Plaque build up)
63
How does high salt diet affect BP
Increases, more water, more water volume (water retention)
64
How does dehydration affect BP
Decreases, less water, less water volume
65
How does anaphylaxis affect BP
Decreases, vasodilation is an immune response, allowing increase of WBC
66
Systole
Heart contracts to force blood through arteries
67
How does epinephrine affect BP
Increases, is a vasoconstrictor
68
hbA1c
Blood glucose test
69
P wave
SA nodes fire, atria squeezes
70
PQ
AV nodes pauses
71
QRS wave
Ventricle squeezes
72
T wave
Ventricle relaxes
73
Atrial fibrillation
-Smaller line is irregular
-Dangerous if untreated
-Can live normally if treated
74
Asystole
Heart not beating (Flat lining)
75
Avg. blood glucose level
4.7-6.3 mmol/L
76
A1c test
Average glucose levels after 2-3 months
77
Stroke
Problems w/ blood vessels in brain where cells are deprived of oxygen/glucose
78
Ischemic stroke
More common
-Blockage
79
Hemorrhagic stroke
Burst
80
Glasgow coma scale
Measures level of consciousness
81
Signs of stroke
Face drooping
Arms (Can you raise both)
Speech (Is it slurred)
Time to call 911
82
Ectotherm
Environment regulates internal temp.
83
Endotherm
Environment does not regulate temp.
84
Feedback loop
series of reactions either to amplify (positive feedback) or counter (negative feedback) a stimulus
85
Parts of feedback loop
Stimulus - sensor - integrator - effector - response - feedback
86
Feedback for high temp.
Body temp is >37.5 - thermoreceptors (Type of neuron) - hypothalamus in brain - vasodilation - evaporative cooling - decrease temp.
87
Feedback for low temp.
Body temp <36.1 - thermoreceptors - hypothalamus in brain - muscles contract, creating goosebumps - traps heat in skin - temp increases
88
Positive feedback
Baby's head pushing on cervix (Increase of pressure) - mechanoreceptors detect change in pressure - hypothalamus - Release hormone (Oxytocin) - Oxytocin causes uterus to start contracting - increase in pressure
89
Lethargy
Difficulty maintaining aroused state, can be aroused with little difficulty
90
Obtundation
Decreased arousal, responsive to stimuli, cannot be fully aroused
91
Stupor
Responsive to pain, but not other stimuli
92
Coma
Unresponsive even to painful stimuli
93
Wheezing
Caused by narrowing of airways
-Associated w/ asthma/bronchitis/pneumonia/etc.
-High pitched, whistle-like sound heard during exhalation
94
Rhonchi
-Like a wheeze with a lower pitch
-Snoring/moaning like quality
-Occurs in bronchi when air moves through tracheal-bronchial passages coated w/ mucous
95
Stridor
-High pitched, heard on inspiration
-Person is choking/ has infection/swelling of throat
-Sounds like a god damn seal
96
Crackles
-Heard when lung has fluid in small airways
-Heard on inspiration and expiration
-If heard early, signs of chronic bronchitis
-Late indicates pneumonia
-Fine crackles sound like wood being burned on fireplace
-Coarse crackles sound like bubbling or ripping open velcro
97
Pneumophorax
Loss of breathing in an area (Lung collapsed)
-No air
