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geography > ✅economic world > Flashcards

✅economic world Flashcards

1
Q

3 parts of HDI (human development index)

A

GNI per capita

adult literacy rate

life expectancy

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2
Q

HDI

A

human development index

measured between 0 and 1 (1 being the better score)

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3
Q

correlation

A

relationship or connection between 1 or more things

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4
Q

physical factors of uneven development

A

poor climate —> if country too hot or cold then not much will grow —> less food —> malnutrition —> can’t go to work bcos ill —> less taxes

poor farming land —> poor soils —> can’t grow food —> malnourishment —> can’t go to work —> less money made —> less taxes for government

few raw materials —> countries without raw materials like coal/oil tend to make less money —> less money for development

lots of natural hazards —> countries like bangladesh that suffer from floods—> have to spend money rebuilding —> less money for development

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5
Q

historial reasons for uneven development

A

colonisation —> when countries were colonised (ruled by a foreign country) their raw materials were often removed and they sold expensive goods for themselves

conflict —> war can stop from developing —> many people die or injured and money is spent on them instead of development

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6
Q

economic reasons for uneven development

A

poor trade links —> if poor trade links then only trade with a few countries —> won’t make a lot—> less for development

lots of debt —> have to pay back lots of money (sometimes w interest) so less money for development

an economy based on primary products —> country’s that export primary products like raw materials (wood) do not make much profit —> less money for development

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7
Q

population structure

A

how many people there are of each age group in the population and how many there are of each sex

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8
Q

consequences of uneven development

A

more international migration —> people move to wealthier and more developed countries

political instability —> inequality can lead to wars

forces billions of people to live in poverty —> average wage is 80p a day —> people can’t work there way out of poverty

increases risk of illnesses —> e.g. cholera due to poor healthcare —> 4000 cases everyday and 24% have access to clean water—> can’t go to work or school —> no tax —> dharavi

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9
Q

economic migrant

A

person who moves to seek a better life such as a better paid job

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10
Q

how can aid close the development gap and negative

A

help given by 1 country to another as money or resources

for example, goat aid from oxfam —> produces high quality manure —> helps crops grow

negative
can become too dependant on aid and unable to develop themselves

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11
Q

how can investment help close the development gap

A

Large companies can locate part of their business in other countries. This helps a country to develop as the companies build factories, lay roads and install internet cables

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12
Q

how can fairtrade help reduce the development gap

A

making sure farmers in LICs get a fair price for the goods they produce e.g. coffee and bananas, allowing them to provide for their families

negatives:
in some cases, tiny proportions of the extra money reach the producers while the rest boosts retailers profits

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13
Q

how can debt relief close the development gap

A

country’s debt is cancelled or interest rates are lowered meaning country has more money to spend on development

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14
Q

example of tourism that reduces the development gap

A

kenya in africa

located next to the indian ocean

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15
Q

positives of tourism in kenya to reduce development gap

A

attracts tourists —> in 2014, kenya attracted 1.4 million people

tourism brings $5.3 billion to the economy

600,000 people employed in tourism industry

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16
Q

negatives about tourism in kenya

A

vehicles from tourists increase pollution —> may kill organisms —> less biodiversity —> reduce profit as you can’t sell plants and animals

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17
Q

what is the NEE you have studied and location

A

india

located in asia with countries like pakistan and china around it

surrounded by indian ocean

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18
Q

4 different employment sectors

A

primary

secondary

tertiary

quaternary

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19
Q

what is a TNC

A

a company that has operations in more than one country

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20
Q

case study of TNC

A

coca cola

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21
Q

facts about coca cola

A

sells 1.4 billion servings everyday

over 900 bottling plants around the world

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22
Q

positives of coca cola

A

creates jobs (25000 people employed by coca cola) —> more local income —> locals spend more —> government gains more tax —> invest in economic development of the country

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23
Q

negatives of coca cola (environmental, economic and social)

A

environment —> pollution from shipping of goods

economic —> profits taken out of the country and sent back to developed countries

social —> poor working conditions, water supplies have been contaminated which leads to cholera

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24
Q

why is india important

A

2nd largest population in the world and it’s still growing

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25
Q

disadvantages of TNCs

A

working conditions are sometimes very poor —> lower safety standards

local workers are sometimes poorly paid

much of the profit generated goes abroad

management jobs go to foreign employees

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26
Q

define NGO

A

non governmental organisation

e.g. charity like water aid or oxfam

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27
Q

what are the problems with aid

A

corruption —> government may keep money for themselves and use it for other things

donors (people who give out money)—> can influence where the money goes for their own gain

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28
Q

what is the dependency theory

A

country could become dependant on aid and be unable to develop without it

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29
Q

what was the aid project in india

A

eureka school (started in 2006) by aid india —> 10 million children benefitted before 2010

education for children living in poverty

focus on learning english

can teach english they learn to their parents and elders

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30
Q

how has economic development impacted peoples quality of life

A

more jobs —> daily wages increase —> pay more tax —> government has money to invest in healthcare and education —> more jobs created in healthcare and education

daily wages increased by roughly 42 rupees since 2010

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31
Q

positives of aid

A

trigger development —> money to start a new business

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32
Q

environmental impact of development in india

A

air pollution —> vehicle fumes, construction burning crops

mining of minerals destroys habitats e.g. iron ore mining in karnataka

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33
Q

what has india done to help with air pollution

A

cars with odd and even number plates drive on given days

wear anti pollution masks, avoid polluted areas and keep doors/windows shut

5 million masks handed out to schools

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34
Q

impact of pollution in india- delhi

A

7x higher than in beijing

1/3 deaths due to air pollution —> many people die from diseases like lung cancer

delhi is the most polluted city in the world—> dangerous particles in the air over 10x the safe limit (set by world health organisation) —> health problems

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35
Q

deindustrialisation

A

decline of manufacturing industry

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36
Q

why has manufacturing decreased

A

machines/technology have replaced people in modern industries

other countries produced cheaper goods as labour is cheaper

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37
Q

positives of globalisation

A

cheaper goods and services —> produced in places where people earn lower wages

migration —> migrants fill jobs —> UK have a shortage of skilled workers

high value production —> UK specialises in high value manufacturer so workers are paid better and UK earns more

foreign investment —> companies invest in the UK bringing new ideas, technology and jobs

UK grows due to more trade with the rest of the world

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38
Q

negatives of globalisation

A

inequality —> gap between low paid and high paid workers is increasing

less manufacturing —> more imports means fewer goods are produced in the UK so people lose jobs

outsourcing jobs —> jobs that used to be done in the UK can be done elsewhere —> loss of jobs or lower wages

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39
Q

how has IT led to development of post industrial economy

A

computers store data and it can be accessed quickly

communication

access to internet using phone and tablet

people work from home

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40
Q

business parks

A

area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses

usually on the edges of towns

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41
Q

what and where is cambridge science park

A

50 miles away from london

close to one of the best universities

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42
Q

why is cambridge science park sustainable

A

recycling facilities —> plastic, paper and glass

buildings designed to maximise use of natural light —> reducing use of electricity

11% of commuters currently care share —> protects environment

132 cycle parking spaces and bike for free hire —> encourage use of bike for quick visits into cambridge city

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43
Q

how is cambridge park unsustainable

A

park was built on farmland (greenfield site) —> loss of ecosystems

3800 workers travelling to and from has lead to massive traffic congestion —> increase air pollution from cars

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44
Q

where is torr quarry located

A

south west of england in somerset

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45
Q

importance of torr quarry to local people

A

employs over 100 people

contributes more than £15 million towards local economy each year

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46
Q

importance of quarry on national scale

A

nationally important source of construction materials

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47
Q

what is torr quarry doing to become more sustainable

A

regularly monitor noise and water quality

plans to deepen quarry rather than extending —> less impact on environment

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48
Q

negative impacts of torr quarry on environment

A

transporting materials is usually by road —> increases pollution

chemicals and dust pollute water sources —> kill fish and other species

natural habitats destroyed —> reduce biodiversity —> affect food chains

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49
Q

evidence for the north-south divide

A

education —> GCSE results usually higher in the south

healthcare —> health is generally worse in the north

transport

wages —> wages are generally lower in the north

50
Q

healthcare- evidence for north-south divide

A

life expectancy in male babies born in glasgow in 2012 was 72.6 years
in east dorset, it was 82.6

51
Q

transport evidence for north-south divide

A

£376 was invested in transport per person in yorkshire

£903 was invested in transport per person in london

52
Q

wages north-south divide

A

in 2014, average weekly wage was 40% lower in huddersfield than in london

53
Q

why is there a north-south divide

A

decline of heavy industry has had a negative impact on the north

growth of post industrial economy has benefitted the south more

54
Q

how has population of south cambridgeshire changed

A

rapid population growth as people move out of cambridge and london to enjoy the countryside

55
Q

what are the social impacts of increasing population in south cambridgeshire

A

young people can’t afford high cost of houses so move away

80% of car ownership is leading to increased traffic

56
Q

economic impacts of increasing population in south cambridgeshire

A

lack of affordable housing —> young people move away

increasing number of migrants —> puts pressure on services

high petrol prices due to high demand

57
Q

how has population of yorkshire dales national park changed

A

population is declining

58
Q

why has there been a decline in population in yorkshire dales

A

less jobs

less services e.g. hospitals, schools and shops

59
Q

economic impacts of declining population in yorkshire dales

A

business closing —> lack of employment —> less tax paid —> less money for schools and hospitals etc so quality is bad and more people leave

young people have left —> less demand for schools —> close —> teachers lose jobs

60
Q

social impacts of declining population in yorkshire dales

A

many elderly people —> strain on services —> not enough people in the area working

61
Q

london gateaway

A

new port at the mouth of the river thames

62
Q

how have UK roads been improved

A

£15 billion ‘road investment strategy’ to improve conditions of UK roads

63
Q

what does road investment strategy include (2014]

A

100 new road schemes by 2020

extra lanes added to main motorways (smart motorways)

64
Q

what is development

A

the progress a country makes

as a country develops, it usually means that peoples standard of living and quality of life improve

65
Q

what factors affect a country’s level of development

A

environmental - natural hazards e.g. earthquakes
economic - trade and debt
social - access to clean drinking water and education
political - stable government or civil war

66
Q

what is the development gap

A

difference in standard of living between the worlds richest and the worlds poorest countries

67
Q

how can we measure development (8 ways)

A

-GNI per capita
-birth/death rate
-infant mortality rate
-life expectancy
-people per doctor
-literacy rate
-access to safe water
-human development index (HDI)

68
Q

what is gross national income (GNI)

A

GNI is the total value of goods and services produced by a country plus money earned from overseas

69
Q

what is the problem with using GNI

A

doesn’t measure the quality of life

70
Q

limitations of using economic and social indicators to measure development?

A

-data might be outdated
-some data is difficult to collect
-informal work isn’t included in data
-government may be corrupt

71
Q

what is a demographic transition model

A

a geographical model that shows how a country’s population changes over time

72
Q

how is the demographic transition model linked to development

A

as a country develops (gets richer), the population of the country also changes

typically the birth rate and death rate lower as a country develops

73
Q

stage 1 demographic transition model (births, deaths and overall population

A

-high birth rate
-high death rate
-population is low

74
Q

stage 2 demographic transition model (births, deaths and overall population

A

-birth rate high
-death rate starts to decline
-population begins the increade

75
Q

stage 3 demographic transition model (births, deaths and overall population

A

-birth rate drops rapidly
-death rate continues to slowly decrease
-population is increasing at a slow rate

76
Q

stage 4 demographic transition model (births, deaths and overall population

A

-low birth rate
-low death rate
-population is high

77
Q

stage 5 demographic transition model (births, deaths and overall population

A

-extremely low birth rate
-death rate increases slightly due to ageing population
-population decreases

78
Q

give examples of health differences that result from uneven development

A

LICs - most deaths are children under 15. Common causes of death are HIV/AIDS or diarrhoea related diseases and malaria

HICs - most deaths are amongst people over 70. Common causes of death are heart disease, diabetes

79
Q

why does uneven development lead to migration

A

people suffering from the negatives of uneven development (e.g. poverty, poor health) want to move away in search an improved quality of life

80
Q

give an example of a country where people have migrated due to war

A

syria

afghanistan

81
Q

8 strategies used to close the development gap

A

investment
industrial development
tourism
aid
intermediate technology
fairtrade
debt relief
micro finance loans

82
Q

how can industrial development close the development gap

A

(multiplier effect) develop an industry —> creates jobs —> more tax is paid —> government can improve services for local people e.g. education

83
Q

how can tourism close the development gap

A

amazing location —> development of hotels and tourist attractions —> jobs —> more tax paid to the government

84
Q

how can intermediate technology close the development gap

A

intermediate technology is technology that is appropriate to a country. This could include building a well which then can be used to improve the quality of life for people e.g. not having to walk hours for water. It must not replace locals jobs

85
Q

how can micro finance loans close the development gap

A

micro finance loans are small loans given to communities in LICs to help them start their own business. This is often because they don’t have the initial money to begin the business

86
Q

what is a newly emerging economy

A

a country that is going through a period of rapid economic growth

87
Q

what is a TNC

A

transnational corporation

88
Q

2 different types of aid

A

emergency aid and development aid

89
Q

what is emergency aid

A

aid that is given directly after a natural disaster e.g. an earthquake. Aid may take the form of water, food and medical supplies

90
Q

what is development aid

A

aid that happens over a longer term. it may be provided by governments or charities e.g. providing education or access to safe water wells

91
Q

primary sector

A

extracting a raw material e.g. mining or farming

92
Q

secondary sector

A

manufacturing e.g. car making

93
Q

tertiary sector

A

providing a service e.g. teacher, shop keeper

94
Q

quaternary sector

A

high tech, knowledge and skilled based jobs e.g. IT, research and development

95
Q

how has the UKs economic structure changed

A

-increasing numbers employed in tertiary and quaternary
-less employed in primary and secondary

96
Q

what has caused the UKs change

A

-industrial revolution of the 19th century led to the increase in manufacturing
-deindustrialisation led to the decline of manufacturing as it shifted to asia
-globalisation led to the increase in quaternary sector and decline in manufacturing in some HICs

97
Q

globalisation

A

the increasing interconnections between places around the world, made possible by developments in transport, technology. It leads to the increased movement of goods, services and people around the world

98
Q

what government policies have shaped the UKs economy

A

1945-79 most industries were state run so received government funding but too many employees made the business unprofitable —> there were lots of strikes

1979-2010 Government privatised businesses to create more competition (state run industries were sold to private shareholders). Derelict buildings were changed into new retail parks etc

2010+ Government aimed to rebalance the economy. They did this by encouraging new businesses through investment in manufacturing and improving infrastructure

99
Q

post industrial economy

A

the growth in tertiary and quaternary sectors that followed the decline of manufacturing industries

100
Q

name some jobs in the service sector in the UK

A

finance and banking

101
Q

name some of the UKs research industries

A

universities
NHS
charities e.g. cancer research

102
Q

why is the research industry important to the UK economy

A

-lots of highly skilled workers
-contributes large amount to the economy
-growing industry

103
Q

why are science parks important to the UK

A

-they support tertiary industries such as finance
-employ large amount of people (75000 across 100 sites)
-employs skilled graduates

104
Q

why are business parks located on the outskirts of towns/cities

A

-close to transport links
-land is often cheaper to build on
-more land available to expand the business park later

105
Q

how have UKs railways been improved

A

-high speed 2 - connecting south with northern cities (£50 billion)
-londons crossrail —> improve jounrey times across london —> improve congestion

106
Q

purpose of road and rail improvements

A

reduce travel times

reduce congestion and pollution

connects southern and northern cities

107
Q

how have the UKs ports been improved

A

liverpool2 - doubling the ports capacity

£300 million

108
Q

how have the UKs airports been improved

A

expanding heathrow- building extra terminal and increase runways

109
Q

purpose of the port improvements in the UK

A

-creates 1000s of jobs
-reduce freight on roads
-increase trading opportunities

110
Q

purpose of airport improvements in the UK

A

-creates jobs

111
Q

why are airports important to the economy in the UK

A

3.6% of UKs GDP

750,000 flights leave UK yearly to 114 countries

112
Q

advantages of expanding heathrow airport

A

260,000 more flights

113
Q

disadvantages of expanding heathrow airport

A

£17.6bn —> expensive

around 800 homes destroyed

114
Q

what is the north south divide

A

The divide between the north and the south of england. Generally the south earn higher incomes, have better standard of living compared with the north

115
Q

how is the government trying to reduce the north-south divide

A

developing power

creating enterprise zones

northern powerhouse

improving infrastructure (HS2, improving motorways)

116
Q

how does developing power to local council help to close the north south divide

A

giving councils the power to choose how they spend money to suit the needs of the area e.g. transport or regeneration

117
Q

how does the creation of enterprise zones help close the north south divide

A

companies get a range of benefits for locating in enterprise zones e.g. reduced taxes, improved infrastructure, less planning restrictions- this encourages more businesses to the area, reducing unemployment

118
Q

how does the northern powerhouse close the north south divide

A

government plan to reduce inequality between north and south by improving the north of england

it includes specific plans to encourage more investment in the north

119
Q

in what ways is the UK connected to other countries

A

trade - UK trades with european countries
culture - british TV shows are shown worldwide
transport - the UK is well connected by the channel tunnel and airports
electronic communications - UK is linked to the rest of the world via the internet
EU - being a member of the EU allows the UK to freely trade with other EU countries
commonwealth -the UK is a part of the commonwealth with aims to improve the well being of other commonwealth countries

120
Q

how does improving infrastructure reduce the north south divide

A

improved transport to connect it to the south

121
Q

how has transport infrastructure been improved

A

road

railway

ports

airports

122
Q

what is a science park

A

a group of scientific or technical knowledge based industries located on a single site

geography (13 decks)

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