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natural hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a hazard

A

something that poses risk to people and the environment

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2
Q

what is a natural hazard

A

a natural event which poses risks to people and the environment

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3
Q

what is natural

A

naturally occurring, not caused by people

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4
Q

4 types of hazards

A

geological

biological

meteorological

hydrological

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5
Q

examples of geological hazards

A

earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis and volcanoes

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6
Q

examples of biological hazards

A

disease epidemics and insect/animal plagues

e.g. covid-19

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7
Q

examples of meteorological hazards

A

tropical storms, droughts, wildfires and extreme temperatures

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8
Q

examples of hydrological hazards

A

avalanches and floods

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9
Q

what is a hazard risk

A

chance or probability of being affected by a natural event

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10
Q

5 things that increase hazard risk

A

location in the world

economic development

urbanisation

time of event

climate change

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11
Q

examples of hazard risk

A

people who live in low lying areas are more at risk from flooding

people who live in coastal regions are more at risk of tropical storms

people who live in urban areas are more at risk from earthquakes

if an earthquake happens during rush hour, more people will be affected

people living in LICs are less able to prepare for natural hazards like earthquakes

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12
Q

why can HICs cope with natural hazards better

A

HICs tend to be better prepared for natural hazards because they can afford good equipment to monitor, predict and evacuate areas at risk

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13
Q

how does earthquake on destructive plate boundary affect more people

A

if an earthquake at a destructive plate boundary causes a tsunami, more people will be impacted

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14
Q

what is the crust

A

above mantle

earths hard outer shell

surface we’re living on

thin- 4-7 miles deep

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15
Q

what is the mantle

A

layer above the outer core

1800 miles thick

makes up 80% of the earths total volume

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16
Q

what is the outer core

A

hot —> temps reaching 3700 degrees

1370 miles thick

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17
Q

what is the inner core

A

centre of earth that’s solid (iron and nickel)

780 miles thick

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18
Q

describe continental crust

A

land on top of it

less dense (lighter)

thick

e.g. north american plate

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19
Q

describe oceanic crust

A

ocean on top of it
heavy and dense
thinner
e.g. pacific plate

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20
Q

what is a convection

A

heat rises and falls inside the mantle which creates convection currents generated by radioactive decay

the convection currents move the plates

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21
Q

what is a ridge push

A

when plates move apart (constructive boundary), the magma rises from the mantle

magma cools and creates new, hot and dense rock

it pushes the old rock out of the way

this creates a ridge in the crust

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22
Q

what is a slab pull

A

gravity pulls the old rock into the mantle because the rock has become colder and denser

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23
Q

what is a constructive margin

A

2 plates move apart, magma rises up to fill the gap —> causes volcanoes at this type of boundary

however, since the magma can espace easily at the surface, the volcano does not erupt with much force

earthquakes are also found at constructive boundaries e.g. mid atlantic ridge

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24
Q

what hazards are found at constructive plate boundaries

A

earthquakes and volcanoes

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25
what is a destructive plate boundary
plates move towards each other and 1 is subducted under the other found where a continental plate meets an oceanic plate oceanic plate descends under the continental plate because it is denser as plate descends, it starts to melt due to friction caused by the movement between plates melted plate is now hot, liquid rock (magma) —> it rises through gaps in the continental plate and if it reaches the surface, the liquid rock forms a volcano
26
example of destructive plate margin
andes mountains in south america
27
what is it called if subduction does not take place
collision boundary
28
what hazards are found on the destructive plate boundary
earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanos
29
what is a conservative margin
plates slide past each other
30
example of conservative margin
san andreas fault in california
31
what hazards are found along the conservative margin
earthquakes
32
what are primary effects
occur immediately as a result of the earthquake itself e.g. buildings collapsing, death and injury
33
what are secondary effects
occur hours to days after the initial earthquake happen due to primary effects e.g. disease due to lack of medical facilities
34
HIC tectonic hazard case study
christchurch, new zealand
35
where is christchurch located
new zealand in Oceania on the conservative boundary between indo-australian plate and pacific plate
36
what happened in christchurch and when
22nd february 2011 at 12:51pm magnitude 6.3 on richter scale shaking that lasted 12 seconds
37
what are the primary effects (social)
people may be killed or injured homes destroyed transport links disrupted water pipes may burst and water supplies may be contaminated
38
primary economic effects of natural hazards
shops and businesses destroyed damage to transport can make trade difficult
39
primary environmental impacts of natural hazards
landscape may be destroyed fires can spread due to gas pipe explosions —> damage areas of woodland
40
secondary social effects of natural hazards
disease may spread people have to be rehoused
41
secondary economic effects of natural hazards
cost of rebuilding infrastructure is high investment may only be focused on repairing the damage caused by the earthquake income could be lost —> buildings collapsing —> business can’t happen
42
secondary environmental effects of natural hazards
important human landmarks may be lost —> less tourism —> less money
43
primary effects of earthquake in christchurch
181 people killed 200 injured 50% of central city’s buildings were damaged 80% of the city was without power
44
secondary effects of earthquake in christchurch
businesses were put out of action for long periods —> losses of income and jobs couldn’t host rugby world cup so lost benefits e.g. tourism and income that they would bring flooding from liquefaction —> difficult for emergency services to get around
45
immediate responses to christchurch earthquake
ordinary people helped those who were trapped canterbury art gallery which was earthquake proof was turned into an emergency response centre chemical toilets were provided for 30000 residents full emergency response plan within 2 hours
46
long term responses to christchurch earthquake
provided temporary housing roads and houses were cleared of silt from liquefaction by august 80% of roads were repaired
47
LIC case study earthquake
haiti, port au prince
48
where is haiti located
western hemisphere north america dominican republic neighbourhoods it
49
what happened in haiti and why and when
7.0 magnitude earthquake 12th january 2010 on conservative plate boundary —> north american plate + caribbean plate epicentre of earthquake was about 10 miles south west of capital, port au prince
50
immediate responses of haiti earthquake
dominican red cross sent medical supplies dominican emergency team assisted more than 2000 injured twitter + facebook spread messages to help 39 trucks carrying canned food were displaced, 10 mobile kitchens and 110 cooks capable of producing 100,000 meals a day
51
long term responses haiti
haiti received $1 billion in aid world bank stopped debt repayments for 5 years dominican republic which neighbourhoods haiti offered support and accepted some refugees
52
primary effects of haiti earthquake
300 000 people injured 220 000 people were killed 100 000 homes were destroyed 8 hospitals in port au prince were badly damaged or collapsed roads were blocked by fallen buildings and smashed vehicles
53
secondary effects of haiti
-looting became a serious problem as 2 million people were left without food or water -1.3 million people were homeless -haitian tourist industry declined as tourists stopped visiting -by november 2010 there were outbreaks of cholera —> water became contaminated so chlorea spread
54
why do people continue to live in areas at risk from a tectonic hazard (volcanoes)
volcanic soil is extremely nutrient rich —> perfect soil for growing crops e.g. hawaii granite is formed through volcanic activity —> very durable building material and is also very valuable geothermal heat —> generate electricity —> cheap and environmentally friendly lower housing prices near active volcanos diamonds and precious materials —> lava from deep within earth contains minerals which can be mined when lava has cooled e.g. gold and silver tourism —> creates many jobs for local people e.g. hotels, restaurants and tour guides e.g. blue lagoon
55
why do people continue to live in areas at risk from earthquakes
don’t happen very often —> not seen as a great threat better building design can withstand earthquakes —> make people feel less at risk people living in poverty may focus on other issues like food some people may not be aware of the risks of living close to a plate margin
56
why are risks of hazards greater is LICs than in HICs
-**preparation** in HICs are usually better than in LICs —> constant drills and practices so they know what to do in an emergency e.g. japan, all schools have frequent earthquake drills where people hide under tables and practise evacuating -**housing** is usually **poor quality** in LICs
57
Describe what is meant by 'monitoring' tectonic hazards?
Using scientific equipment to detect warning signs of events
58
prediction?
Using evidence and monitoring information to make a judgement about when an earthquake or volcano is likely to happen.
59
protection?
Designing buildings to withstand tectonic hazards
60
planning?
Identifying places at risk of tectonic hazards and ensuring people know what to do in the event of an earthquake/volcano.
61
examples of monitoring
Volcanoes • satellites detect changes in volcano shape • increasing amounts of gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide is given off before an eruption Earthquakes • there is no reliable way of monitoring and predicting earthquakes.
62
examples of prediction
Volcanoes & Earthquakes • It is incredibly difficult to accurately predict an earthquake or volcanic eruption
63
examples of planning
Volcanoes & Earthquakes • Identify areas at risk and don't build on these areas • Plan open areas outside buildings where people can assemble during an evacuation
64
examples of protection
Volcanoes • Divert lava away from built up areas by using explosives Earthquakes • Reinforced foundations • Shock absorbers to absorb ground shaking • Automatic shutters to cover windows preventing shattering glass
65
epicentre?
point on earths surface directly above the focus
66
seismic waves
vibrations or waves of energy released by an earthquake
67
focus
origin of the earthquake
68
facts about haiti
most houses are self built with no foundations or rules restricting height —> many built on steep hillsides poorest country in the western hemisphere 66% earn less than £1 a day
69
70
comparison LIC and HIC
71
why do storms have severe effects
-wealth of country and money invested in forecasting, warning systems, protection, planning and responses -living in coastal zone -quality of infrastructure and building design -strength of coastal defence

geography (13 decks)

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