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China 1839-1989 > economy > Flashcards

economy Flashcards

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1
Q

Which arsenal was set up between 1865–72 to produce rifles?

A

C) Jiangnan Arsenal

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2
Q

Industrial growth averaged over 12% per year from 1981 to 2000. (True/False)

A

False – It was around 9%

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3
Q

List two effects of the Cultural Revolution on industrial output in 1967.

A

Steel output declined by 1/3, coal declined by 18%

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4
Q

Between 1962 and 1964, which two industrial goods saw the largest drop in output?

A

B) Cotton cloth and heavy industry goods

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5
Q

Effectiveness of GLF: By comparing 1959 and 1962, light industrial output fell by ______% and heavy industrial output by ______%.

A

Light industry: 30%, Heavy industry: 55.8%

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6
Q

In 1967, steel production fell by ______, and the value of basic construction dropped by nearly ______%.

A

Steel: one-third; Construction: 20%

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7
Q

Name one major problem that led to partial rollback of Deng’s early industrial reforms.

A

Inflation, budget deficits, unemployment

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8
Q

What was the three-tiered pricing system?

A

C) Fixed, semi-fixed, and free-market prices

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9
Q

Which Chinese city was most transformed by refugee merchants during the Taiping Rebellion?

A

B) Shanghai

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10
Q

The Yangzi River was navigable for ocean-going ships up to Xi’an. (True/False)

A

False – only navigable up to Yichang

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11
Q

After 1935, China returned to a silver standard to stabilize trade. (True/False)

A

False – China moved to paper currency

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12
Q

How did the U.S. silver purchase program in the early 1930s affect China’s domestic economy?

A

Caused silver outflows, deflation, banking crashes, and industrial bankruptcies

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13
Q

The introduction of paper currency during the Taiping Rebellion successfully curbed inflation. (True/False)

A

False – It was not accepted and worsened inflation

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14
Q

What was inflation in major cities like Beijing by 1989?

A

D) 25%+

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15
Q

In Szechwan, by 1924, there were _______ supplementary taxes imposed on salt alone. WARLORDS

A

26

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16
Q

By 1989, what caused the worst inflation rates in Chinese cities?

A

C) Government purchase price hikes without consumer price increases

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17
Q

In 1989, inflation reached 25% nationwide, but cities like Beijing experienced even higher rates. (True/False)

A

True

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18
Q

Which province experienced the highest famine death toll during the Great Leap Forward?

A

D) Sichuan

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19
Q

What was the basic agricultural work unit after the breakdown of communes during Mao’s NEP?

A

Production team (20–30 people)

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20
Q

Meat production declined by ______ million tonnes between 1952 and 1962. IMPACT OF COLLECTIVISATION

A

1.5 million tonnes

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21
Q

By how much did grain production decline in 1968?

A

4%

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22
Q

What was one regional disparity in industrial output during the Cultural Revolution?

A

Southwest and central-south declined by over 25 billion yuan, east had moderate gains

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23
Q

Which crops did farmers shift toward in 1985, causing a decline in grain output?

A

B) Rice and cotton

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24
Q
A
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25
Yellow river was a waterway for…
smaller ships to Xian
26
How long was the Grand Canal?
1794 km
27
How would you characterise trade in 1839?
stimulated long distance internal trade
28
What were the key goods traded in 1839?
High quality porcelain and silk from Jiangxi, Yunnan copper (supplied 12/18 provinces)
29
What was the reversal in trade balance due to Opium?
a prior trade surplus of 26 million silver dollars turned into a deficit of 34 million
30
What was the industry like in 1839?
Limited and regional: Yunnan had 20-30 copper mines, Sichuan had 3000 salt wells, whilst cloth production was concentrated around Songjiang and Nanjing
31
What did Chinese farmer do in 1839?
sold 1/3 of what he produced and bought 1/3 in of what he consumed
32
what was inflation like in 1839?
deflation of silver and inflation of copper: supposed to be 1000 copper coins for 1 silver tael, instead grew to 1500-1600
33
What was the 1839 inflation characterised by?
The Daoguang Era depression, with an average silver drain over 17 million dollars
34
What trade areas were affected by the Taiping?
Yangzi River between Wuhan and Jiangang
35
What were some positive elements of the Taiping period for agriculture?
Increased favourable arrangements by landlords, such as permanent tenancy rights and surface ownership
36
What was the impact of SSM on industry?
3 mines, 3 iron works, 7 textile mills built, but limited to north and eastern coastal provinces
37
Give examples of ironworks and a mine opened during SSM
Kaiping mines, Guinzhou and Hanyang Ironworks
38
Whenwas the Imperial Maritime Customs Service established?
1854
39
By when did the IMCS collect a 1/3 of gov revenue?
1874
40
What was the aim of the Company Law 1904? (industry)
aimed to promote corporate activities to accelerate national industrialisation
41
What was the effectiveness of the company law?
insufficient, limited in scope: whilst 521 out of 615 factories by 1911 were set up by Chinese entrepreneurs, only 21/226 were significant in size in 1908
42
What trade treaty did China sign under the warlords
1 out of 10 countries to sign an International Convention Relating to Simplification of Custom formalities to promote international trade
43
What was the impact of the warlords on internal trade?
Inter-regional trade collapsed due to tolls, up to 5 layers of tariffs and transport disruptions (the Beijing-Hankau line repeatedly shut) evidenced by the fact that Shanghai silk exports dropped by 30% from 1914-1925
44
What was the impact of warlords on agriculture?
Decrease in agriculture due to pillaging and conscription: agricultural production dropped by up to 25%
45
What was the impact of warlords on industry?
industrial growth had largely stangnated with foreign investment shrinking: industrial share of GDP was less than 10%
46
What happened in Wuhan due to warlords?
textile output fell by nearly 40%
47
By 1933, China became…
a net exporter of cotton cloth
48
What industry reforms did Jiang Jieshi implement?
Set up National Resource Committee in 1932, which controlled 70% of heavy industry (steel, coal, chemicals) and China Development Finance Corporation (raised domestic capital for mining and industry)
49
What were some limitations to Jiang Jieshi’s industrial modernisation?
Was uneven, concentrated in 5 provinces including Hebei, Hubei, and Shandong + industrial base devastated by the Japanese invasion
50
By how much did the export volume drop between 1937 and 1945?
70% (2nd Sino-Japanese war)
51
What were some positive trade reforms implemented by Jiang Jieshi?
Signed Sino-American treaty for commercial relations in 1946 and imposed tariff economy in 1929, ending old treaty relations
52
What was Jiang Jieshi’s approach to agriculture?
resisted radical land reform
53
What was the Rural reconstruction movement
The movement supported by Jiang Jieshi, which aimed to increase literacy and basic rural productivity
54
On average, during the Nanjing decade, how frequent were bad harvests?
Every three years
55
What was inflation like during the Nanjing Decade?
By 1948, hyperinflation peaked, with monthly inflation rate of 120% - largely due to a massive deficit financing during the war (80% of gov spending on military)
56
By how much did the prices in Shanghai rise between 1937 and 1949?
a factor of 3000
57
58
What was Yuan Shikai’s approach to agriculture?
Maintained traditional agrarian structure, with little to no land reforms and only minor modernisation in support for Zhang Jian’s rural industrialisation in Nantong
59
Which elements of industry did Yuan Shikai promote?
Mining and railroads
60
How did rail mileage expand during Yuan Shikai’s gov?
5500 km by 1915
61
What was Yuan Shikai’s approach to trade?
promoted customs autonomy, increased salt and transit taxes but largely relied on foreign controlled treaty ports
62
What was the aim of Five Year Plan
develop state directed growth of industry
63
Was Fivr Year Plan successful?
Yes: gross industrial output was 11460 yuan more than the target and China’s Economic growth rate of 9% compared favourable with USSR in 1930s
64
Why did the Great Leap Forward fail?
China lacked technical skills, effective managerial and an integrated plan for turning what was produced into sellable goods
65
What were the NEP industrial reforms?
total industrial workforce cut by half, Central economic planning reintroduced, strengthening of managerial authority and reliance on semi-market forces
66
What was inflation like under Mao?
By 1952, inflation had dropped below 5%
67
What was Mao’s reform regarding inflation?
Introduced RMB to replace local currencies in 1948-49, creating national monetary stability
68
Impact of land reforms
By 1951, over 10 million warlords had been expropriated and more than 40% of the land changed hands
69
Was the land reform successful?
Yes, total agricultural output increased at a rate of 15% pa 1950-52
70
When was collectivisation and what did it do?
1956-58, existing 750 000 collectives were to be amalgamated into 26 000 communes
71
How did foreign trade change under Deng?
foreign trade quadrupled between 1978-88 and again by 1994
72
What was the HRS? Deng
independent farming of allocated land in exchange for meeting compulsory quotas, surplus could be sold for profit
73
Were Deng’s agricultural reforms successful?
Yes: Rural income more than doubled between 1978-84, grain output rose from 304 to 407 million tonnes
74
Where were first SEZs set up?
Hong King and Taiwan in 1980
75
How many kilometres of roads were built during the Nanjing decade?
It built 82,000 kilometers of roads during the Nanjing decade for a total of 115,000 kilometres
76
What was the Nanjing's decade impact on infrastructure?
The telegraph system was recovered but also expanded to over 95,000 kilometres additionally, telephone line length increased 12 fold from 4,000 to 52,500 kilometres
77
What agricultural structures were encouraged by the Nanjing government?
The Co-operatives - a major source of development in rural areas, they provided loans, seed, fertiliser and tools as well as establishing irrigation works, workshops and coordinating tree planting to control flooding and rejuvenate soil.
78
How many co-ops were established during the Nanjing decade?
A total of 6,223 cooperatives were formed by mid-1935 with over 710,000 members.

China 1839-1989 (8 decks)

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