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foreign relations Flashcards

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1
Q

What agreement was signed in 1976 between Japan and China?

A

Sino-Japanese Peace and Friendship Treaty. Agreed to settle all disputes by peaceful means and promote exchanges and cooperation. Neither should seek hegemony in the Asia-Pacific

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2
Q

What was the significance of Deng Xiaoping’s visit to Japan in 1976?

A

Top-level ministerial visits and diplomatic exchanges followed

This visit marked a significant step in improving relations between the two countries.

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3
Q

What controversial action did Japan’s Prime Minister Nakasone take in 1985?

A

Visited the Yasukuni Shrine and honored war heroes

This included honoring those involved in atrocities during the 1931-1945 occupation.

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4
Q

What year did the USA fully establish diplomatic relations with China?

A

1979 - marked by Deng’s visit to the USA, where he made a strong impression

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5
Q

What was US and China’s shared interest in 1980s?

A

Nuclear-free Korean Peninsula and competitive global market

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6
Q

What did the USA do regarding trade status with China after Deng’s visit?

A

Renewed Most Favored Nation trading status

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7
Q

What was the Joint Declaration signed in 1984 between Britain and China about?

A

Agreement on the handover of Hong Kong in 1997. It specified that Hong Kong was given back to the PRC but would be treated as a special administrative region until 2047.

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8
Q

What was the consequence of the disintegration of the USSR in 1991 for China?

A

China emerged as the world’s only major communist power

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9
Q

True or False: Deng Xiaoping’s approach included adopting new capitalism and engaging with foreign trade.

A

True

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10
Q

What disrupted the trading system of Great Britain in 1839?

A

Lack of silver bullion supply from Mexico and lack of need for Indian cotton

This disruption led to the introduction of opium as a trade commodity.

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11
Q

What was the financial impact of the opium trade on China in 1839?

A

34 million silver dollars flowed out of China

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12
Q

Which countries signed treaties that included extraterritoriality, MFN and tariffs during the mid-19th century?

A

US, France, Sweden-Norway, Russia

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13
Q

What did the Treaty of Nanjing (1842) establish?

A

Hong Kong in perpetuity, 21 million silver taels indemnity, the opening of 4 treaty ports in addition to Canton, Cohong system abolished, right to reside and buy property in treaty ports and fixed tariffs

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14
Q

Fill in the blank: The Treaty of _______ was signed by the US in 1844, granting extraterritoriality, MFN and right to learn Chinese.

A

Wanghia

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15
Q

What was a key provision of the Treaty of Tianjin (1858)?

A

Religious liberty for all missionaries

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16
Q

What was the role of the ‘Ever Victorious Army’ during the Taiping Rebellion?

A

A seasoned and well-trained military force commanded by Charles George Gordon defended Shanghai in 1860 and 1862

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17
Q

Which treaty opened up three cities in Xianjing to Russians?

A

Treaty of Kulja 1851

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: The Treaty of Whampoa was signed by _______ in 1844.

A

France

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19
Q

What is the Tongzhi Restoration period?

A

1862- 1874

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20
Q

What was established on March 11th, 1861 during the Tongzhi Restoration?

A

An ad hoc subcommittee called the Zongli Yamen (Office of General Management) . This eventually grew into the Qing’s first effective foreign office.

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21
Q

What was the purpose of the Translation Bureau set up in 1862?

A

To translate subjects in various languages and important works of science, social, and political significance

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22
Q

Who was John Fryer?

A

He established the Chinese Polytechnic institute to translate and disseminate technology knowledge in 1874

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23
Q

What event is known as the Tianjin Massacre?

A

A riot following the arrest of a Chinese convert, resulting in the deaths of 30 Chinese Christians and 21 foreigners in 1870

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24
Q

What was the outcome of the Tianjin Massacre?

A

Zeng promised 4,000,000 ounces of silver to France, exiled the magistrate, and reiterated the legality of French settlements

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25
What did Britain force Beijing to accept through the Chefoo Convention in 1876?
New treaty ports and the opening of additional territories
26
What was a consequence of the Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)?
China had to pay 200 million taels in indemnity and ceded Taiwan and the Pescadores to Japan, opened 4 treaty ports, MFN to Japan
27
What was the significance of the Liaodong Peninsula in 1895?
Russia, concerned about Port Arthur, negotiated with Germany and France to jointly pressure Japan through Triple Intervention
28
Which treaty legalised the practice of Christianity?
Treaty of Whampoa with France in 1844
29
What were the terms of the Treaty of Tianjin?
6 million silver taels indemnity ( 2 to France, 2 to Britain and 2 to British merchants), religious liberty for all Christians, 11 new treaty pots, right to travel into the interior and foreign legations robbed station in Beijing
30
What was the advantage Russia received following the Second Opium War?
the right to trade with the treaty ports by the sea rather than just border ports and parts of Outer Mongolia
31
How many concessions did the Us force open?
23 foreign concessions
32
When was the Margaret affair?
1975
33
Chefoo Convention was a result of the..
Margery Affair
34
What was result of the Triple Intervention for China?
Negative, Liandong is as not returned to China and instead immediately occupied by Russia after Japan’s withdrawal
35
What were the countries in the Triple Intervention?
Russia, Germany and France
36
Which areas did Britain control by 1898?
Hong Kong and the port of Weihaiwei
37
What did Germany took control of in 1898-99?
port of Qingdao in Shandong and claimed the right to control railways
38
Where was the French sphere of influence in 1890s?
Southern provinces of Guandong, Guanxi and Yunnan
39
US’s Open policy was led by..
John Hay
40
What were the terms of the Boxer Protocol?
68 million in reparation, Chinese arsenals and fortifications destroyed, foreign troops permanently stationed in and around Beijing and traditional state examinations suspended
41
What were Japan’s 21 demands?
extending control of China, keep former German areas it had captured in 1914 in WW1, strong presence in Manchuria and South Mongolia, expended role in railways and domestic policy
42
What was Britain’s role in 21 demands?
Forced Japan to revise the demands to 13
43
When did China enter the WW1?
1917
44
What was China’s military role in WW1?
never sent troops, instead 140 000 labourers sent for both british and french forces from CLC
45
What was the Mukden incident?
Japanese officers from the Guangdong Army took control of Manchuria without initial government control after staging a sabotage of the Manchurian railway in 1931
46
When was Manchuguo created?
In 1932, with Pu Yi installed as a puppet ruler
47
What happened in 1932 Shanghai incident?
Sino-Japanese administration established nominated by Japan
48
What was the 1933 Treaty of Tanggu?
accepted Japanese control of Manchuguo, established demilitarised zone south of the Great Wall, pro-Japanese officials in newly occupied northern provinces
49
When was the Battle of Shanghai?
1937
50
How many Chinese casualties followed from the Battle of Shanghai?
250 000
51
What was the Rape of Nanjing?
Massacre over 6 weeks beginning in 13th December, with the death toll from 40-300 000 and rape of 20-80 000
52
what happened in 1924 between the GMD and Soviet Union?
Borodin helps draft a new GMD constitution, nominally based on Sun Yatsen’s Three People’s principle, but clearly Leninist in character
53
When and what was the Soviet-GMD treaty?
August 1945 - granted USSR recognition of Jiang Gov while allowing Soviet occupation of Manchuria until mid 1946
54
How much France invest in China by 1932?
Around 200 million dollars in land, industry and commerce (5% of all french foreign investment, 10 times more than in early 20th century)
55
How much did the US invest into China by 1945?
over 1 billion
56
When did the US enact the export Control Act and what was it?
in 1940, restricting sales of arms, aviation oil and support in Japan
57
What else did the US give to China pre 1949?
Granted a large loan to China (500 million dollars) in 1942
58
What was the negative element of Sino-American relations 1949-76?
Throughout 1950s, the US provided economic and military support for the Nationalists in Taiwan
59
What treaty did US and China sign in 1954?
Sino-American Mutual Defence Treaty, intended to defend Taiwan
60
What did Truman do to protect Taiwan?
Seventh Fleet Deployment - US navy sent to Taiwan to deter a PRC invasion
61
When did Sino-American relationship improved?
1972 Nixon in China, which was the culmination of efforts to establish relations with the PRC after foreshadowing Taiwan
62
How and when did China gain a UN seat?
In 1971, PRC put in Taiwan’s seat in the UN council
63
What was the 1950 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship?
30 million dollar loan to China, 10 000 economic and military advisors (but heavy interest in the loan, had to pay for the upkeep of advisors, give a bulk of gold to USSR and cede control of Port Arthur)
64
What was the significance of Korean war in Sino-Soviet relationship?
China entered the war in 1950, with over 1 million of PLA troops engaged, but strained relationship with Russia as Mao felt USSR offered limited assistance because Stalin insists China beats the primary burden of fighting
65
What happened in Sino-Soviet relationship in 1959?
Soviet Union withdraws its assistance from China’s nuclear programme
66
What happened in Sino-Soviet relationship in 1962?
USSR refused to support China over Sino-Indian war
67
What happened in Sino-Soviet relationship in 1968?
Mao condemned the Brezhnev doctrine as hegemonic and imperialistic, likening it to Western colonialism
68
When did China and Soviet union have border incidents?
In 1969 China poisoned its nuclear towards USSR followed armed conflicts along the Ussuri River
69
How many countries recognised the PRC diplomatically between 1971 and 1972?
Twenty-five countries began diplomatic recognition of the PRC during that period.
70
What was the significance of the 1972 visit by Japanese Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka to Beijing?
It led to the signing of a joint statement and the normalisation of diplomatic relations between Japan and the PRC.
71
When did Japan establish diplomatic relations with the PRC?
Japan established diplomatic relations with the PRC on September 29, 1972
72
What was the purpose of the "Map of National Shame" published in 1938 by Jiang Jieshi's government?
It highlighted territories such as Mongolia, parts of Siberia, and Indochina as "lost" and aimed to inspire nationalistic sentiment.
73
What was the PRC’s principle of "cleaning the house before inviting guests"?
It meant eliminating colonial influences before seeking diplomatic recognition from Western countries.
74
What did the Treaty of Versailles allow Japan to retain in 1919?
It allowed Japan to retain territories in Shandong that had been surrendered by Germany in 1914.
75
What permission did Russia receive in 1896 regarding its railway expansion?
Russia was permitted to extend its Trans-Siberian Railway across Manchuria to reach Vladivostok, creating a 350-mile shortcut.
76
What did Russia obtain in 1898, and why was it significant?
Russia obtained a 25-year lease over the Liaodong Peninsula, including the ice-free harbor of Port Arthur, their only such facility in the East.
77
What secret agreement did Russia and China make in 1896?
A: They made a secret alliance where Russia agreed to help prevent further Japanese expansion at China's expense
78
In what year did China become a founding member of the League of Nations?
1920
79
Which international health agency did the Republic of China join in 1948?
The World Health Organisation (WHO).
80
What event in 1971 dramatically changed China’s status at the United Nations?
The PRC replaced Taiwan (ROC) and took the permanent Security Council seat.
81
Name the conference where the PRC aligned itself with other newly independent Asian‑African states in 1955.
The Bandung Conference.
82
List two Bretton Woods institutions China re‑joined or joined in 1980.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank.
83
What was the purpose of the Boxer Indemnity Scholarship created after 1901?
To send Chinese students abroad for study, fostering early international engagement.
84
What humanitarian body was founded in China in 1904 on the model of the International Red Cross?
The Chinese Red Cross Society.
85
In 1912 the Chinese Red Cross achieved what milestone within the global Red Cross movement?
It was formally recognised as a member of the International Red Cross movement.
86
Joining which organisation in 1914 connected China to the world’s postal network?
The International Postal Union.

China 1839-1989 (8 decks)

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